"""Hypergeometric and Meijer G-functions""" from functools import reduce from sympy.core import S, I, pi, oo, zoo, ilcm, Mod from sympy.core.add import Add from sympy.core.expr import Expr from sympy.core.function import Function, Derivative, ArgumentIndexError from sympy.core.containers import Tuple from sympy.core.mul import Mul from sympy.core.relational import Ne from sympy.core.sorting import default_sort_key from sympy.core.symbol import Dummy from sympy.functions import (sqrt, exp, log, sin, cos, asin, atan, sinh, cosh, asinh, acosh, atanh, acoth, Abs, re, factorial, RisingFactorial) from sympy.logic.boolalg import (And, Or) class TupleArg(Tuple): def limit(self, x, xlim, dir='+'): """ Compute limit x->xlim. """ from sympy.series.limits import limit return TupleArg(*[limit(f, x, xlim, dir) for f in self.args]) # TODO should __new__ accept **options? # TODO should constructors should check if parameters are sensible? def _prep_tuple(v): """ Turn an iterable argument *v* into a tuple and unpolarify, since both hypergeometric and meijer g-functions are unbranched in their parameters. Examples ======== >>> from sympy.functions.special.hyper import _prep_tuple >>> _prep_tuple([1, 2, 3]) (1, 2, 3) >>> _prep_tuple((4, 5)) (4, 5) >>> _prep_tuple((7, 8, 9)) (7, 8, 9) """ from sympy.functions.elementary.complexes import unpolarify return TupleArg(*[unpolarify(x) for x in v]) class TupleParametersBase(Function): """ Base class that takes care of differentiation, when some of the arguments are actually tuples. """ # This is not deduced automatically since there are Tuples as arguments. is_commutative = True def _eval_derivative(self, s): try: res = 0 if self.args[0].has(s) or self.args[1].has(s): for i, p in enumerate(self._diffargs): m = self._diffargs[i].diff(s) if m != 0: res += self.fdiff((1, i))*m return res + self.fdiff(3)*self.args[2].diff(s) except (ArgumentIndexError, NotImplementedError): return Derivative(self, s) class hyper(TupleParametersBase): r""" The generalized hypergeometric function is defined by a series where the ratios of successive terms are a rational function of the summation index. When convergent, it is continued analytically to the largest possible domain. Explanation =========== The hypergeometric function depends on two vectors of parameters, called the numerator parameters $a_p$, and the denominator parameters $b_q$. It also has an argument $z$. The series definition is .. math :: {}_pF_q\left(\begin{matrix} a_1, \cdots, a_p \\ b_1, \cdots, b_q \end{matrix} \middle| z \right) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(a_1)_n \cdots (a_p)_n}{(b_1)_n \cdots (b_q)_n} \frac{z^n}{n!}, where $(a)_n = (a)(a+1)\cdots(a+n-1)$ denotes the rising factorial. If one of the $b_q$ is a non-positive integer then the series is undefined unless one of the $a_p$ is a larger (i.e., smaller in magnitude) non-positive integer. If none of the $b_q$ is a non-positive integer and one of the $a_p$ is a non-positive integer, then the series reduces to a polynomial. To simplify the following discussion, we assume that none of the $a_p$ or $b_q$ is a non-positive integer. For more details, see the references. The series converges for all $z$ if $p \le q$, and thus defines an entire single-valued function in this case. If $p = q+1$ the series converges for $|z| < 1$, and can be continued analytically into a half-plane. If $p > q+1$ the series is divergent for all $z$. Please note the hypergeometric function constructor currently does *not* check if the parameters actually yield a well-defined function. Examples ======== The parameters $a_p$ and $b_q$ can be passed as arbitrary iterables, for example: >>> from sympy import hyper >>> from sympy.abc import x, n, a >>> hyper((1, 2, 3), [3, 4], x) hyper((1, 2, 3), (3, 4), x) There is also pretty printing (it looks better using Unicode): >>> from sympy import pprint >>> pprint(hyper((1, 2, 3), [3, 4], x), use_unicode=False) _ |_ /1, 2, 3 | \ | | | x| 3 2 \ 3, 4 | / The parameters must always be iterables, even if they are vectors of length one or zero: >>> hyper((1, ), [], x) hyper((1,), (), x) But of course they may be variables (but if they depend on $x$ then you should not expect much implemented functionality): >>> hyper((n, a), (n**2,), x) hyper((n, a), (n**2,), x) The hypergeometric function generalizes many named special functions. The function ``hyperexpand()`` tries to express a hypergeometric function using named special functions. For example: >>> from sympy import hyperexpand >>> hyperexpand(hyper([], [], x)) exp(x) You can also use ``expand_func()``: >>> from sympy import expand_func >>> expand_func(x*hyper([1, 1], [2], -x)) log(x + 1) More examples: >>> from sympy import S >>> hyperexpand(hyper([], [S(1)/2], -x**2/4)) cos(x) >>> hyperexpand(x*hyper([S(1)/2, S(1)/2], [S(3)/2], x**2)) asin(x) We can also sometimes ``hyperexpand()`` parametric functions: >>> from sympy.abc import a >>> hyperexpand(hyper([-a], [], x)) (1 - x)**a See Also ======== sympy.simplify.hyperexpand gamma meijerg References ========== .. [1] Luke, Y. L. (1969), The Special Functions and Their Approximations, Volume 1 .. [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_hypergeometric_function """ def __new__(cls, ap, bq, z, **kwargs): # TODO should we check convergence conditions? return Function.__new__(cls, _prep_tuple(ap), _prep_tuple(bq), z, **kwargs) @classmethod def eval(cls, ap, bq, z): from sympy.functions.elementary.complexes import unpolarify if len(ap) <= len(bq) or (len(ap) == len(bq) + 1 and (Abs(z) <= 1) == True): nz = unpolarify(z) if z != nz: return hyper(ap, bq, nz) def fdiff(self, argindex=3): if argindex != 3: raise ArgumentIndexError(self, argindex) nap = Tuple(*[a + 1 for a in self.ap]) nbq = Tuple(*[b + 1 for b in self.bq]) fac = Mul(*self.ap)/Mul(*self.bq) return fac*hyper(nap, nbq, self.argument) def _eval_expand_func(self, **hints): from sympy.functions.special.gamma_functions import gamma from sympy.simplify.hyperexpand import hyperexpand if len(self.ap) == 2 and len(self.bq) == 1 and self.argument == 1: a, b = self.ap c = self.bq[0] return gamma(c)*gamma(c - a - b)/gamma(c - a)/gamma(c - b) return hyperexpand(self) def _eval_rewrite_as_Sum(self, ap, bq, z, **kwargs): from sympy.functions import factorial, RisingFactorial, Piecewise from sympy.concrete.summations import Sum n = Dummy("n", integer=True) rfap = Tuple(*[RisingFactorial(a, n) for a in ap]) rfbq = Tuple(*[RisingFactorial(b, n) for b in bq]) coeff = Mul(*rfap) / Mul(*rfbq) return Piecewise((Sum(coeff * z**n / factorial(n), (n, 0, oo)), self.convergence_statement), (self, True)) def _eval_as_leading_term(self, x, logx=None, cdir=0): arg = self.args[2] x0 = arg.subs(x, 0) if x0 is S.NaN: x0 = arg.limit(x, 0, dir='-' if re(cdir).is_negative else '+') if x0 is S.Zero: return S.One return super()._eval_as_leading_term(x, logx=logx, cdir=cdir) def _eval_nseries(self, x, n, logx, cdir=0): from sympy.series.order import Order arg = self.args[2] x0 = arg.limit(x, 0) ap = self.args[0] bq = self.args[1] if x0 != 0: return super()._eval_nseries(x, n, logx) terms = [] for i in range(n): num = 1 den = 1 for a in ap: num *= RisingFactorial(a, i) for b in bq: den *= RisingFactorial(b, i) terms.append(((num/den) * (arg**i)) / factorial(i)) return (Add(*terms) + Order(x**n,x)) @property def argument(self): """ Argument of the hypergeometric function. """ return self.args[2] @property def ap(self): """ Numerator parameters of the hypergeometric function. """ return Tuple(*self.args[0]) @property def bq(self): """ Denominator parameters of the hypergeometric function. """ return Tuple(*self.args[1]) @property def _diffargs(self): return self.ap + self.bq @property def eta(self): """ A quantity related to the convergence of the series. """ return sum(self.ap) - sum(self.bq) @property def radius_of_convergence(self): """ Compute the radius of convergence of the defining series. Explanation =========== Note that even if this is not ``oo``, the function may still be evaluated outside of the radius of convergence by analytic continuation. But if this is zero, then the function is not actually defined anywhere else. Examples ======== >>> from sympy import hyper >>> from sympy.abc import z >>> hyper((1, 2), [3], z).radius_of_convergence 1 >>> hyper((1, 2, 3), [4], z).radius_of_convergence 0 >>> hyper((1, 2), (3, 4), z).radius_of_convergence oo """ if any(a.is_integer and (a <= 0) == True for a in self.ap + self.bq): aints = [a for a in self.ap if a.is_Integer and (a <= 0) == True] bints = [a for a in self.bq if a.is_Integer and (a <= 0) == True] if len(aints) < len(bints): return S.Zero popped = False for b in bints: cancelled = False while aints: a = aints.pop() if a >= b: cancelled = True break popped = True if not cancelled: return S.Zero if aints or popped: # There are still non-positive numerator parameters. # This is a polynomial. return oo if len(self.ap) == len(self.bq) + 1: return S.One elif len(self.ap) <= len(self.bq): return oo else: return S.Zero @property def convergence_statement(self): """ Return a condition on z under which the series converges. """ R = self.radius_of_convergence if R == 0: return False if R == oo: return True # The special functions and their approximations, page 44 e = self.eta z = self.argument c1 = And(re(e) < 0, abs(z) <= 1) c2 = And(0 <= re(e), re(e) < 1, abs(z) <= 1, Ne(z, 1)) c3 = And(re(e) >= 1, abs(z) < 1) return Or(c1, c2, c3) def _eval_simplify(self, **kwargs): from sympy.simplify.hyperexpand import hyperexpand return hyperexpand(self) class meijerg(TupleParametersBase): r""" The Meijer G-function is defined by a Mellin-Barnes type integral that resembles an inverse Mellin transform. It generalizes the hypergeometric functions. Explanation =========== The Meijer G-function depends on four sets of parameters. There are "*numerator parameters*" $a_1, \ldots, a_n$ and $a_{n+1}, \ldots, a_p$, and there are "*denominator parameters*" $b_1, \ldots, b_m$ and $b_{m+1}, \ldots, b_q$. Confusingly, it is traditionally denoted as follows (note the position of $m$, $n$, $p$, $q$, and how they relate to the lengths of the four parameter vectors): .. math :: G_{p,q}^{m,n} \left(\begin{matrix}a_1, \cdots, a_n & a_{n+1}, \cdots, a_p \\ b_1, \cdots, b_m & b_{m+1}, \cdots, b_q \end{matrix} \middle| z \right). However, in SymPy the four parameter vectors are always available separately (see examples), so that there is no need to keep track of the decorating sub- and super-scripts on the G symbol. The G function is defined as the following integral: .. math :: \frac{1}{2 \pi i} \int_L \frac{\prod_{j=1}^m \Gamma(b_j - s) \prod_{j=1}^n \Gamma(1 - a_j + s)}{\prod_{j=m+1}^q \Gamma(1- b_j +s) \prod_{j=n+1}^p \Gamma(a_j - s)} z^s \mathrm{d}s, where $\Gamma(z)$ is the gamma function. There are three possible contours which we will not describe in detail here (see the references). If the integral converges along more than one of them, the definitions agree. The contours all separate the poles of $\Gamma(1-a_j+s)$ from the poles of $\Gamma(b_k-s)$, so in particular the G function is undefined if $a_j - b_k \in \mathbb{Z}_{>0}$ for some $j \le n$ and $k \le m$. The conditions under which one of the contours yields a convergent integral are complicated and we do not state them here, see the references. Please note currently the Meijer G-function constructor does *not* check any convergence conditions. Examples ======== You can pass the parameters either as four separate vectors: >>> from sympy import meijerg, Tuple, pprint >>> from sympy.abc import x, a >>> pprint(meijerg((1, 2), (a, 4), (5,), [], x), use_unicode=False) __1, 2 /1, 2 a, 4 | \ /__ | | x| \_|4, 1 \ 5 | / Or as two nested vectors: >>> pprint(meijerg([(1, 2), (3, 4)], ([5], Tuple()), x), use_unicode=False) __1, 2 /1, 2 3, 4 | \ /__ | | x| \_|4, 1 \ 5 | / As with the hypergeometric function, the parameters may be passed as arbitrary iterables. Vectors of length zero and one also have to be passed as iterables. The parameters need not be constants, but if they depend on the argument then not much implemented functionality should be expected. All the subvectors of parameters are available: >>> from sympy import pprint >>> g = meijerg([1], [2], [3], [4], x) >>> pprint(g, use_unicode=False) __1, 1 /1 2 | \ /__ | | x| \_|2, 2 \3 4 | / >>> g.an (1,) >>> g.ap (1, 2) >>> g.aother (2,) >>> g.bm (3,) >>> g.bq (3, 4) >>> g.bother (4,) The Meijer G-function generalizes the hypergeometric functions. In some cases it can be expressed in terms of hypergeometric functions, using Slater's theorem. For example: >>> from sympy import hyperexpand >>> from sympy.abc import a, b, c >>> hyperexpand(meijerg([a], [], [c], [b], x), allow_hyper=True) x**c*gamma(-a + c + 1)*hyper((-a + c + 1,), (-b + c + 1,), -x)/gamma(-b + c + 1) Thus the Meijer G-function also subsumes many named functions as special cases. You can use ``expand_func()`` or ``hyperexpand()`` to (try to) rewrite a Meijer G-function in terms of named special functions. For example: >>> from sympy import expand_func, S >>> expand_func(meijerg([[],[]], [[0],[]], -x)) exp(x) >>> hyperexpand(meijerg([[],[]], [[S(1)/2],[0]], (x/2)**2)) sin(x)/sqrt(pi) See Also ======== hyper sympy.simplify.hyperexpand References ========== .. [1] Luke, Y. L. (1969), The Special Functions and Their Approximations, Volume 1 .. [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meijer_G-function """ def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): if len(args) == 5: args = [(args[0], args[1]), (args[2], args[3]), args[4]] if len(args) != 3: raise TypeError("args must be either as, as', bs, bs', z or " "as, bs, z") def tr(p): if len(p) != 2: raise TypeError("wrong argument") return TupleArg(_prep_tuple(p[0]), _prep_tuple(p[1])) arg0, arg1 = tr(args[0]), tr(args[1]) if Tuple(arg0, arg1).has(oo, zoo, -oo): raise ValueError("G-function parameters must be finite") if any((a - b).is_Integer and a - b > 0 for a in arg0[0] for b in arg1[0]): raise ValueError("no parameter a1, ..., an may differ from " "any b1, ..., bm by a positive integer") # TODO should we check convergence conditions? return Function.__new__(cls, arg0, arg1, args[2], **kwargs) def fdiff(self, argindex=3): if argindex != 3: return self._diff_wrt_parameter(argindex[1]) if len(self.an) >= 1: a = list(self.an) a[0] -= 1 G = meijerg(a, self.aother, self.bm, self.bother, self.argument) return 1/self.argument * ((self.an[0] - 1)*self + G) elif len(self.bm) >= 1: b = list(self.bm) b[0] += 1 G = meijerg(self.an, self.aother, b, self.bother, self.argument) return 1/self.argument * (self.bm[0]*self - G) else: return S.Zero def _diff_wrt_parameter(self, idx): # Differentiation wrt a parameter can only be done in very special # cases. In particular, if we want to differentiate with respect to # `a`, all other gamma factors have to reduce to rational functions. # # Let MT denote mellin transform. Suppose T(-s) is the gamma factor # appearing in the definition of G. Then # # MT(log(z)G(z)) = d/ds T(s) = d/da T(s) + ... # # Thus d/da G(z) = log(z)G(z) - ... # The ... can be evaluated as a G function under the above conditions, # the formula being most easily derived by using # # d Gamma(s + n) Gamma(s + n) / 1 1 1 \ # -- ------------ = ------------ | - + ---- + ... + --------- | # ds Gamma(s) Gamma(s) \ s s + 1 s + n - 1 / # # which follows from the difference equation of the digamma function. # (There is a similar equation for -n instead of +n). # We first figure out how to pair the parameters. an = list(self.an) ap = list(self.aother) bm = list(self.bm) bq = list(self.bother) if idx < len(an): an.pop(idx) else: idx -= len(an) if idx < len(ap): ap.pop(idx) else: idx -= len(ap) if idx < len(bm): bm.pop(idx) else: bq.pop(idx - len(bm)) pairs1 = [] pairs2 = [] for l1, l2, pairs in [(an, bq, pairs1), (ap, bm, pairs2)]: while l1: x = l1.pop() found = None for i, y in enumerate(l2): if not Mod((x - y).simplify(), 1): found = i break if found is None: raise NotImplementedError('Derivative not expressible ' 'as G-function?') y = l2[i] l2.pop(i) pairs.append((x, y)) # Now build the result. res = log(self.argument)*self for a, b in pairs1: sign = 1 n = a - b base = b if n < 0: sign = -1 n = b - a base = a for k in range(n): res -= sign*meijerg(self.an + (base + k + 1,), self.aother, self.bm, self.bother + (base + k + 0,), self.argument) for a, b in pairs2: sign = 1 n = b - a base = a if n < 0: sign = -1 n = a - b base = b for k in range(n): res -= sign*meijerg(self.an, self.aother + (base + k + 1,), self.bm + (base + k + 0,), self.bother, self.argument) return res def get_period(self): """ Return a number $P$ such that $G(x*exp(I*P)) == G(x)$. Examples ======== >>> from sympy import meijerg, pi, S >>> from sympy.abc import z >>> meijerg([1], [], [], [], z).get_period() 2*pi >>> meijerg([pi], [], [], [], z).get_period() oo >>> meijerg([1, 2], [], [], [], z).get_period() oo >>> meijerg([1,1], [2], [1, S(1)/2, S(1)/3], [1], z).get_period() 12*pi """ # This follows from slater's theorem. def compute(l): # first check that no two differ by an integer for i, b in enumerate(l): if not b.is_Rational: return oo for j in range(i + 1, len(l)): if not Mod((b - l[j]).simplify(), 1): return oo return reduce(ilcm, (x.q for x in l), 1) beta = compute(self.bm) alpha = compute(self.an) p, q = len(self.ap), len(self.bq) if p == q: if oo in (alpha, beta): return oo return 2*pi*ilcm(alpha, beta) elif p < q: return 2*pi*beta else: return 2*pi*alpha def _eval_expand_func(self, **hints): from sympy.simplify.hyperexpand import hyperexpand return hyperexpand(self) def _eval_evalf(self, prec): # The default code is insufficient for polar arguments. # mpmath provides an optional argument "r", which evaluates # G(z**(1/r)). I am not sure what its intended use is, but we hijack it # here in the following way: to evaluate at a number z of |argument| # less than (say) n*pi, we put r=1/n, compute z' = root(z, n) # (carefully so as not to loose the branch information), and evaluate # G(z'**(1/r)) = G(z'**n) = G(z). from sympy.functions import exp_polar, ceiling import mpmath znum = self.argument._eval_evalf(prec) if znum.has(exp_polar): znum, branch = znum.as_coeff_mul(exp_polar) if len(branch) != 1: return branch = branch[0].args[0]/I else: branch = S.Zero n = ceiling(abs(branch/S.Pi)) + 1 znum = znum**(S.One/n)*exp(I*branch / n) # Convert all args to mpf or mpc try: [z, r, ap, bq] = [arg._to_mpmath(prec) for arg in [znum, 1/n, self.args[0], self.args[1]]] except ValueError: return with mpmath.workprec(prec): v = mpmath.meijerg(ap, bq, z, r) return Expr._from_mpmath(v, prec) def _eval_as_leading_term(self, x, logx=None, cdir=0): from sympy.simplify.hyperexpand import hyperexpand return hyperexpand(self).as_leading_term(x, logx=logx, cdir=cdir) def integrand(self, s): """ Get the defining integrand D(s). """ from sympy.functions.special.gamma_functions import gamma return self.argument**s \ * Mul(*(gamma(b - s) for b in self.bm)) \ * Mul(*(gamma(1 - a + s) for a in self.an)) \ / Mul(*(gamma(1 - b + s) for b in self.bother)) \ / Mul(*(gamma(a - s) for a in self.aother)) @property def argument(self): """ Argument of the Meijer G-function. """ return self.args[2] @property def an(self): """ First set of numerator parameters. """ return Tuple(*self.args[0][0]) @property def ap(self): """ Combined numerator parameters. """ return Tuple(*(self.args[0][0] + self.args[0][1])) @property def aother(self): """ Second set of numerator parameters. """ return Tuple(*self.args[0][1]) @property def bm(self): """ First set of denominator parameters. """ return Tuple(*self.args[1][0]) @property def bq(self): """ Combined denominator parameters. """ return Tuple(*(self.args[1][0] + self.args[1][1])) @property def bother(self): """ Second set of denominator parameters. """ return Tuple(*self.args[1][1]) @property def _diffargs(self): return self.ap + self.bq @property def nu(self): """ A quantity related to the convergence region of the integral, c.f. references. """ return sum(self.bq) - sum(self.ap) @property def delta(self): """ A quantity related to the convergence region of the integral, c.f. references. """ return len(self.bm) + len(self.an) - S(len(self.ap) + len(self.bq))/2 @property def is_number(self): """ Returns true if expression has numeric data only. """ return not self.free_symbols class HyperRep(Function): """ A base class for "hyper representation functions". This is used exclusively in ``hyperexpand()``, but fits more logically here. pFq is branched at 1 if p == q+1. For use with slater-expansion, we want define an "analytic continuation" to all polar numbers, which is continuous on circles and on the ray t*exp_polar(I*pi). Moreover, we want a "nice" expression for the various cases. This base class contains the core logic, concrete derived classes only supply the actual functions. """ @classmethod def eval(cls, *args): from sympy.functions.elementary.complexes import unpolarify newargs = tuple(map(unpolarify, args[:-1])) + args[-1:] if args != newargs: return cls(*newargs) @classmethod def _expr_small(cls, x): """ An expression for F(x) which holds for |x| < 1. """ raise NotImplementedError @classmethod def _expr_small_minus(cls, x): """ An expression for F(-x) which holds for |x| < 1. """ raise NotImplementedError @classmethod def _expr_big(cls, x, n): """ An expression for F(exp_polar(2*I*pi*n)*x), |x| > 1. """ raise NotImplementedError @classmethod def _expr_big_minus(cls, x, n): """ An expression for F(exp_polar(2*I*pi*n + pi*I)*x), |x| > 1. """ raise NotImplementedError def _eval_rewrite_as_nonrep(self, *args, **kwargs): from sympy.functions.elementary.piecewise import Piecewise x, n = self.args[-1].extract_branch_factor(allow_half=True) minus = False newargs = self.args[:-1] + (x,) if not n.is_Integer: minus = True n -= S.Half newerargs = newargs + (n,) if minus: small = self._expr_small_minus(*newargs) big = self._expr_big_minus(*newerargs) else: small = self._expr_small(*newargs) big = self._expr_big(*newerargs) if big == small: return small return Piecewise((big, abs(x) > 1), (small, True)) def _eval_rewrite_as_nonrepsmall(self, *args, **kwargs): x, n = self.args[-1].extract_branch_factor(allow_half=True) args = self.args[:-1] + (x,) if not n.is_Integer: return self._expr_small_minus(*args) return self._expr_small(*args) class HyperRep_power1(HyperRep): """ Return a representative for hyper([-a], [], z) == (1 - z)**a. """ @classmethod def _expr_small(cls, a, x): return (1 - x)**a @classmethod def _expr_small_minus(cls, a, x): return (1 + x)**a @classmethod def _expr_big(cls, a, x, n): if a.is_integer: return cls._expr_small(a, x) return (x - 1)**a*exp((2*n - 1)*pi*I*a) @classmethod def _expr_big_minus(cls, a, x, n): if a.is_integer: return cls._expr_small_minus(a, x) return (1 + x)**a*exp(2*n*pi*I*a) class HyperRep_power2(HyperRep): """ Return a representative for hyper([a, a - 1/2], [2*a], z). """ @classmethod def _expr_small(cls, a, x): return 2**(2*a - 1)*(1 + sqrt(1 - x))**(1 - 2*a) @classmethod def _expr_small_minus(cls, a, x): return 2**(2*a - 1)*(1 + sqrt(1 + x))**(1 - 2*a) @classmethod def _expr_big(cls, a, x, n): sgn = -1 if n.is_odd: sgn = 1 n -= 1 return 2**(2*a - 1)*(1 + sgn*I*sqrt(x - 1))**(1 - 2*a) \ *exp(-2*n*pi*I*a) @classmethod def _expr_big_minus(cls, a, x, n): sgn = 1 if n.is_odd: sgn = -1 return sgn*2**(2*a - 1)*(sqrt(1 + x) + sgn)**(1 - 2*a)*exp(-2*pi*I*a*n) class HyperRep_log1(HyperRep): """ Represent -z*hyper([1, 1], [2], z) == log(1 - z). """ @classmethod def _expr_small(cls, x): return log(1 - x) @classmethod def _expr_small_minus(cls, x): return log(1 + x) @classmethod def _expr_big(cls, x, n): return log(x - 1) + (2*n - 1)*pi*I @classmethod def _expr_big_minus(cls, x, n): return log(1 + x) + 2*n*pi*I class HyperRep_atanh(HyperRep): """ Represent hyper([1/2, 1], [3/2], z) == atanh(sqrt(z))/sqrt(z). """ @classmethod def _expr_small(cls, x): return atanh(sqrt(x))/sqrt(x) def _expr_small_minus(cls, x): return atan(sqrt(x))/sqrt(x) def _expr_big(cls, x, n): if n.is_even: return (acoth(sqrt(x)) + I*pi/2)/sqrt(x) else: return (acoth(sqrt(x)) - I*pi/2)/sqrt(x) def _expr_big_minus(cls, x, n): if n.is_even: return atan(sqrt(x))/sqrt(x) else: return (atan(sqrt(x)) - pi)/sqrt(x) class HyperRep_asin1(HyperRep): """ Represent hyper([1/2, 1/2], [3/2], z) == asin(sqrt(z))/sqrt(z). """ @classmethod def _expr_small(cls, z): return asin(sqrt(z))/sqrt(z) @classmethod def _expr_small_minus(cls, z): return asinh(sqrt(z))/sqrt(z) @classmethod def _expr_big(cls, z, n): return S.NegativeOne**n*((S.Half - n)*pi/sqrt(z) + I*acosh(sqrt(z))/sqrt(z)) @classmethod def _expr_big_minus(cls, z, n): return S.NegativeOne**n*(asinh(sqrt(z))/sqrt(z) + n*pi*I/sqrt(z)) class HyperRep_asin2(HyperRep): """ Represent hyper([1, 1], [3/2], z) == asin(sqrt(z))/sqrt(z)/sqrt(1-z). """ # TODO this can be nicer @classmethod def _expr_small(cls, z): return HyperRep_asin1._expr_small(z) \ /HyperRep_power1._expr_small(S.Half, z) @classmethod def _expr_small_minus(cls, z): return HyperRep_asin1._expr_small_minus(z) \ /HyperRep_power1._expr_small_minus(S.Half, z) @classmethod def _expr_big(cls, z, n): return HyperRep_asin1._expr_big(z, n) \ /HyperRep_power1._expr_big(S.Half, z, n) @classmethod def _expr_big_minus(cls, z, n): return HyperRep_asin1._expr_big_minus(z, n) \ /HyperRep_power1._expr_big_minus(S.Half, z, n) class HyperRep_sqrts1(HyperRep): """ Return a representative for hyper([-a, 1/2 - a], [1/2], z). """ @classmethod def _expr_small(cls, a, z): return ((1 - sqrt(z))**(2*a) + (1 + sqrt(z))**(2*a))/2 @classmethod def _expr_small_minus(cls, a, z): return (1 + z)**a*cos(2*a*atan(sqrt(z))) @classmethod def _expr_big(cls, a, z, n): if n.is_even: return ((sqrt(z) + 1)**(2*a)*exp(2*pi*I*n*a) + (sqrt(z) - 1)**(2*a)*exp(2*pi*I*(n - 1)*a))/2 else: n -= 1 return ((sqrt(z) - 1)**(2*a)*exp(2*pi*I*a*(n + 1)) + (sqrt(z) + 1)**(2*a)*exp(2*pi*I*a*n))/2 @classmethod def _expr_big_minus(cls, a, z, n): if n.is_even: return (1 + z)**a*exp(2*pi*I*n*a)*cos(2*a*atan(sqrt(z))) else: return (1 + z)**a*exp(2*pi*I*n*a)*cos(2*a*atan(sqrt(z)) - 2*pi*a) class HyperRep_sqrts2(HyperRep): """ Return a representative for sqrt(z)/2*[(1-sqrt(z))**2a - (1 + sqrt(z))**2a] == -2*z/(2*a+1) d/dz hyper([-a - 1/2, -a], [1/2], z)""" @classmethod def _expr_small(cls, a, z): return sqrt(z)*((1 - sqrt(z))**(2*a) - (1 + sqrt(z))**(2*a))/2 @classmethod def _expr_small_minus(cls, a, z): return sqrt(z)*(1 + z)**a*sin(2*a*atan(sqrt(z))) @classmethod def _expr_big(cls, a, z, n): if n.is_even: return sqrt(z)/2*((sqrt(z) - 1)**(2*a)*exp(2*pi*I*a*(n - 1)) - (sqrt(z) + 1)**(2*a)*exp(2*pi*I*a*n)) else: n -= 1 return sqrt(z)/2*((sqrt(z) - 1)**(2*a)*exp(2*pi*I*a*(n + 1)) - (sqrt(z) + 1)**(2*a)*exp(2*pi*I*a*n)) def _expr_big_minus(cls, a, z, n): if n.is_even: return (1 + z)**a*exp(2*pi*I*n*a)*sqrt(z)*sin(2*a*atan(sqrt(z))) else: return (1 + z)**a*exp(2*pi*I*n*a)*sqrt(z) \ *sin(2*a*atan(sqrt(z)) - 2*pi*a) class HyperRep_log2(HyperRep): """ Represent log(1/2 + sqrt(1 - z)/2) == -z/4*hyper([3/2, 1, 1], [2, 2], z) """ @classmethod def _expr_small(cls, z): return log(S.Half + sqrt(1 - z)/2) @classmethod def _expr_small_minus(cls, z): return log(S.Half + sqrt(1 + z)/2) @classmethod def _expr_big(cls, z, n): if n.is_even: return (n - S.Half)*pi*I + log(sqrt(z)/2) + I*asin(1/sqrt(z)) else: return (n - S.Half)*pi*I + log(sqrt(z)/2) - I*asin(1/sqrt(z)) def _expr_big_minus(cls, z, n): if n.is_even: return pi*I*n + log(S.Half + sqrt(1 + z)/2) else: return pi*I*n + log(sqrt(1 + z)/2 - S.Half) class HyperRep_cosasin(HyperRep): """ Represent hyper([a, -a], [1/2], z) == cos(2*a*asin(sqrt(z))). """ # Note there are many alternative expressions, e.g. as powers of a sum of # square roots. @classmethod def _expr_small(cls, a, z): return cos(2*a*asin(sqrt(z))) @classmethod def _expr_small_minus(cls, a, z): return cosh(2*a*asinh(sqrt(z))) @classmethod def _expr_big(cls, a, z, n): return cosh(2*a*acosh(sqrt(z)) + a*pi*I*(2*n - 1)) @classmethod def _expr_big_minus(cls, a, z, n): return cosh(2*a*asinh(sqrt(z)) + 2*a*pi*I*n) class HyperRep_sinasin(HyperRep): """ Represent 2*a*z*hyper([1 - a, 1 + a], [3/2], z) == sqrt(z)/sqrt(1-z)*sin(2*a*asin(sqrt(z))) """ @classmethod def _expr_small(cls, a, z): return sqrt(z)/sqrt(1 - z)*sin(2*a*asin(sqrt(z))) @classmethod def _expr_small_minus(cls, a, z): return -sqrt(z)/sqrt(1 + z)*sinh(2*a*asinh(sqrt(z))) @classmethod def _expr_big(cls, a, z, n): return -1/sqrt(1 - 1/z)*sinh(2*a*acosh(sqrt(z)) + a*pi*I*(2*n - 1)) @classmethod def _expr_big_minus(cls, a, z, n): return -1/sqrt(1 + 1/z)*sinh(2*a*asinh(sqrt(z)) + 2*a*pi*I*n) class appellf1(Function): r""" This is the Appell hypergeometric function of two variables as: .. math :: F_1(a,b_1,b_2,c,x,y) = \sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(a)_{m+n} (b_1)_m (b_2)_n}{(c)_{m+n}} \frac{x^m y^n}{m! n!}. Examples ======== >>> from sympy import appellf1, symbols >>> x, y, a, b1, b2, c = symbols('x y a b1 b2 c') >>> appellf1(2., 1., 6., 4., 5., 6.) 0.0063339426292673 >>> appellf1(12., 12., 6., 4., 0.5, 0.12) 172870711.659936 >>> appellf1(40, 2, 6, 4, 15, 60) appellf1(40, 2, 6, 4, 15, 60) >>> appellf1(20., 12., 10., 3., 0.5, 0.12) 15605338197184.4 >>> appellf1(40, 2, 6, 4, x, y) appellf1(40, 2, 6, 4, x, y) >>> appellf1(a, b1, b2, c, x, y) appellf1(a, b1, b2, c, x, y) References ========== .. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appell_series .. [2] http://functions.wolfram.com/HypergeometricFunctions/AppellF1/ """ @classmethod def eval(cls, a, b1, b2, c, x, y): if default_sort_key(b1) > default_sort_key(b2): b1, b2 = b2, b1 x, y = y, x return cls(a, b1, b2, c, x, y) elif b1 == b2 and default_sort_key(x) > default_sort_key(y): x, y = y, x return cls(a, b1, b2, c, x, y) if x == 0 and y == 0: return S.One def fdiff(self, argindex=5): a, b1, b2, c, x, y = self.args if argindex == 5: return (a*b1/c)*appellf1(a + 1, b1 + 1, b2, c + 1, x, y) elif argindex == 6: return (a*b2/c)*appellf1(a + 1, b1, b2 + 1, c + 1, x, y) elif argindex in (1, 2, 3, 4): return Derivative(self, self.args[argindex-1]) else: raise ArgumentIndexError(self, argindex)