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  181.   <section id="importing-modules">
    182. 

  182. <span id="importing"></span><h1>Importing Modules<a class="headerlink" href="#importing-modules" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
    183. 

  183. <dl class="c function">
    184. 

  184. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_ImportModule">
    185. 

  185. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyImport_ImportModule</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_ImportModule" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
    186. 

  186. <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p id="index-0">This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyImport_ImportModuleEx" title="PyImport_ImportModuleEx"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyImport_ImportModuleEx()</span></code></a> below,
    187. 

  187. leaving the <em>globals</em> and <em>locals</em> arguments set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> and <em>level</em> set
    188. 

  188. to 0.  When the <em>name</em>
    189. 

  189. argument contains a dot (when it specifies a submodule of a package), the
    190. 

  190. <em>fromlist</em> argument is set to the list <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">['*']</span></code> so that the return value is the
    191. 

  191. named module rather than the top-level package containing it as would otherwise
    192. 

  192. be the case.  (Unfortunately, this has an additional side effect when <em>name</em> in
    193. 

  193. fact specifies a subpackage instead of a submodule: the submodules specified in
    194. 

  194. the package’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__all__</span></code> variable are  loaded.)  Return a new reference to the
    195. 

  195. imported module, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> with an exception set on failure.  A failing
    196. 

  196. import of a module doesn’t leave the module in <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.modules" title="sys.modules"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.modules</span></code></a>.</p>
    197. 

  197. <p>This function always uses absolute imports.</p>
    198. 

  198. </dd></dl>
    199. 

  199. 

  200. <dl class="c function">
    201. 

  201. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_ImportModuleNoBlock">
    202. 

  202. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyImport_ImportModuleNoBlock</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_ImportModuleNoBlock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
    203. 

  203. <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>This function is a deprecated alias of <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyImport_ImportModule" title="PyImport_ImportModule"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyImport_ImportModule()</span></code></a>.</p>
    204. 

  204. <div class="versionchanged">
    205. 

  205. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.3: </span>This function used to fail immediately when the import lock was held
    206. 

  206. by another thread.  In Python 3.3 though, the locking scheme switched
    207. 

  207. to per-module locks for most purposes, so this function’s special
    208. 

  208. behaviour isn’t needed anymore.</p>
    209. 

  209. </div>
    210. 

  210. </dd></dl>
    211. 

  211. 

  212. <dl class="c function">
    213. 

  213. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_ImportModuleEx">
    214. 

  214. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyImport_ImportModuleEx</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">globals</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">locals</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">fromlist</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_ImportModuleEx" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
    215. 

  215. <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p id="index-1">Import a module.  This is best described by referring to the built-in Python
    216. 

  216. function <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#import__" title="__import__"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__import__()</span></code></a>.</p>
    217. 

  217. <p>The return value is a new reference to the imported module or top-level
    218. 

  218. package, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> with an exception set on failure.  Like for
    219. 

  219. <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#import__" title="__import__"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__import__()</span></code></a>, the return value when a submodule of a package was
    220. 

  220. requested is normally the top-level package, unless a non-empty <em>fromlist</em>
    221. 

  221. was given.</p>
    222. 

  222. <p>Failing imports remove incomplete module objects, like with
    223. 

  223. <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyImport_ImportModule" title="PyImport_ImportModule"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyImport_ImportModule()</span></code></a>.</p>
    224. 

  224. </dd></dl>
    225. 

  225. 

  226. <dl class="c function">
    227. 

  227. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_ImportModuleLevelObject">
    228. 

  228. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyImport_ImportModuleLevelObject</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">globals</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">locals</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">fromlist</span></span>, <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">level</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_ImportModuleLevelObject" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
    229. 

  229. <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a> since version 3.7.</em><p>Import a module.  This is best described by referring to the built-in Python
    230. 

  230. function <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#import__" title="__import__"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__import__()</span></code></a>, as the standard <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#import__" title="__import__"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__import__()</span></code></a> function calls
    231. 

  231. this function directly.</p>
    232. 

  232. <p>The return value is a new reference to the imported module or top-level package,
    233. 

  233. or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> with an exception set on failure.  Like for <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#import__" title="__import__"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__import__()</span></code></a>,
    234. 

  234. the return value when a submodule of a package was requested is normally the
    235. 

  235. top-level package, unless a non-empty <em>fromlist</em> was given.</p>
    236. 

  236. <div class="versionadded">
    237. 

  237. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.3.</span></p>
    238. 

  238. </div>
    239. 

  239. </dd></dl>
    240. 

  240. 

  241. <dl class="c function">
    242. 

  242. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_ImportModuleLevel">
    243. 

  243. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyImport_ImportModuleLevel</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">globals</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">locals</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">fromlist</span></span>, <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">level</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_ImportModuleLevel" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
    244. 

  244. <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyImport_ImportModuleLevelObject" title="PyImport_ImportModuleLevelObject"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyImport_ImportModuleLevelObject()</span></code></a>, but the name is a
    245. 

  245. UTF-8 encoded string instead of a Unicode object.</p>
    246. 

  246. <div class="versionchanged">
    247. 

  247. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.3: </span>Negative values for <em>level</em> are no longer accepted.</p>
    248. 

  248. </div>
    249. 

  249. </dd></dl>
    250. 

  250. 

  251. <dl class="c function">
    252. 

  252. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_Import">
    253. 

  253. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyImport_Import</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_Import" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
    254. 

  254. <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>This is a higher-level interface that calls the current “import hook
    255. 

  255. function” (with an explicit <em>level</em> of 0, meaning absolute import).  It
    256. 

  256. invokes the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#import__" title="__import__"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__import__()</span></code></a> function from the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__builtins__</span></code> of the
    257. 

  257. current globals.  This means that the import is done using whatever import
    258. 

  258. hooks are installed in the current environment.</p>
    259. 

  259. <p>This function always uses absolute imports.</p>
    260. 

  260. </dd></dl>
    261. 

  261. 

  262. <dl class="c function">
    263. 

  263. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_ReloadModule">
    264. 

  264. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyImport_ReloadModule</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">m</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_ReloadModule" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
    265. 

  265. <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Reload a module.  Return a new reference to the reloaded module, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> with
    266. 

  266. an exception set on failure (the module still exists in this case).</p>
    267. 

  267. </dd></dl>
    268. 

  268. 

  269. <dl class="c function">
    270. 

  270. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_AddModuleObject">
    271. 

  271. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyImport_AddModuleObject</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_AddModuleObject" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
    272. 

  272. <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: Borrowed reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a> since version 3.7.</em><p>Return the module object corresponding to a module name.  The <em>name</em> argument
    273. 

  273. may be of the form <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">package.module</span></code>. First check the modules dictionary if
    274. 

  274. there’s one there, and if not, create a new one and insert it in the modules
    275. 

  275. dictionary. Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> with an exception set on failure.</p>
    276. 

  276. <div class="admonition note">
    277. 

  277. <p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
    278. 

  278. <p>This function does not load or import the module; if the module wasn’t already
    279. 

  279. loaded, you will get an empty module object. Use <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyImport_ImportModule" title="PyImport_ImportModule"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyImport_ImportModule()</span></code></a>
    280. 

  280. or one of its variants to import a module.  Package structures implied by a
    281. 

  281. dotted name for <em>name</em> are not created if not already present.</p>
    282. 

  282. </div>
    283. 

  283. <div class="versionadded">
    284. 

  284. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.3.</span></p>
    285. 

  285. </div>
    286. 

  286. </dd></dl>
    287. 

  287. 

  288. <dl class="c function">
    289. 

  289. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_AddModule">
    290. 

  290. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyImport_AddModule</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_AddModule" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
    291. 

  291. <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: Borrowed reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyImport_AddModuleObject" title="PyImport_AddModuleObject"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyImport_AddModuleObject()</span></code></a>, but the name is a UTF-8
    292. 

  292. encoded string instead of a Unicode object.</p>
    293. 

  293. </dd></dl>
    294. 

  294. 

  295. <dl class="c function">
    296. 

  296. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_ExecCodeModule">
    297. 

  297. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyImport_ExecCodeModule</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">co</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_ExecCodeModule" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
    298. 

  298. <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p id="index-2">Given a module name (possibly of the form <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">package.module</span></code>) and a code object
    299. 

  299. read from a Python bytecode file or obtained from the built-in function
    300. 

  300. <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#compile" title="compile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compile()</span></code></a>, load the module.  Return a new reference to the module object,
    301. 

  301. or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> with an exception set if an error occurred.  <em>name</em>
    302. 

  302. is removed from <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.modules" title="sys.modules"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.modules</span></code></a> in error cases, even if <em>name</em> was already
    303. 

  303. in <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.modules" title="sys.modules"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.modules</span></code></a> on entry to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyImport_ExecCodeModule" title="PyImport_ExecCodeModule"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyImport_ExecCodeModule()</span></code></a>.  Leaving
    304. 

  304. incompletely initialized modules in <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.modules" title="sys.modules"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.modules</span></code></a> is dangerous, as imports of
    305. 

  305. such modules have no way to know that the module object is an unknown (and
    306. 

  306. probably damaged with respect to the module author’s intents) state.</p>
    307. 

  307. <p>The module’s <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/import.html#spec__" title="__spec__"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__spec__</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/import.html#loader__" title="__loader__"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__loader__</span></code></a> will be set, if
    308. 

  308. not set already, with the appropriate values.  The spec’s loader will
    309. 

  309. be set to the module’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__loader__</span></code> (if set) and to an instance of
    310. 

  310. <a class="reference internal" href="../library/importlib.html#importlib.machinery.SourceFileLoader" title="importlib.machinery.SourceFileLoader"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SourceFileLoader</span></code></a> otherwise.</p>
    311. 

  311. <p>The module’s <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/import.html#file__" title="__file__"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__file__</span></code></a> attribute will be set to the code object’s
    312. 

  312. <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_filename</span></code>.  If applicable, <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/import.html#cached__" title="__cached__"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__cached__</span></code></a> will also
    313. 

  313. be set.</p>
    314. 

  314. <p>This function will reload the module if it was already imported.  See
    315. 

  315. <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyImport_ReloadModule" title="PyImport_ReloadModule"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyImport_ReloadModule()</span></code></a> for the intended way to reload a module.</p>
    316. 

  316. <p>If <em>name</em> points to a dotted name of the form <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">package.module</span></code>, any package
    317. 

  317. structures not already created will still not be created.</p>
    318. 

  318. <p>See also <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyImport_ExecCodeModuleEx" title="PyImport_ExecCodeModuleEx"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyImport_ExecCodeModuleEx()</span></code></a> and
    319. 

  319. <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyImport_ExecCodeModuleWithPathnames" title="PyImport_ExecCodeModuleWithPathnames"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyImport_ExecCodeModuleWithPathnames()</span></code></a>.</p>
    320. 

  320. <div class="versionchanged">
    321. 

  321. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.12: </span>The setting of <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/import.html#cached__" title="__cached__"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__cached__</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/import.html#loader__" title="__loader__"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__loader__</span></code></a> is
    322. 

  322. deprecated. See <a class="reference internal" href="../library/importlib.html#importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec" title="importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ModuleSpec</span></code></a> for
    323. 

  323. alternatives.</p>
    324. 

  324. </div>
    325. 

  325. </dd></dl>
    326. 

  326. 

  327. <dl class="c function">
    328. 

  328. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_ExecCodeModuleEx">
    329. 

  329. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyImport_ExecCodeModuleEx</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">co</span></span>, <span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">pathname</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_ExecCodeModuleEx" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
    330. 

  330. <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Like <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyImport_ExecCodeModule" title="PyImport_ExecCodeModule"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyImport_ExecCodeModule()</span></code></a>, but the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/import.html#file__" title="__file__"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__file__</span></code></a> attribute of
    331. 

  331. the module object is set to <em>pathname</em> if it is non-<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>.</p>
    332. 

  332. <p>See also <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyImport_ExecCodeModuleWithPathnames" title="PyImport_ExecCodeModuleWithPathnames"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyImport_ExecCodeModuleWithPathnames()</span></code></a>.</p>
    333. 

  333. </dd></dl>
    334. 

  334. 

  335. <dl class="c function">
    336. 

  336. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_ExecCodeModuleObject">
    337. 

  337. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyImport_ExecCodeModuleObject</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">co</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">pathname</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">cpathname</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_ExecCodeModuleObject" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
    338. 

  338. <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a> since version 3.7.</em><p>Like <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyImport_ExecCodeModuleEx" title="PyImport_ExecCodeModuleEx"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyImport_ExecCodeModuleEx()</span></code></a>, but the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/import.html#cached__" title="__cached__"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__cached__</span></code></a>
    339. 

  339. attribute of the module object is set to <em>cpathname</em> if it is
    340. 

  340. non-<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>.  Of the three functions, this is the preferred one to use.</p>
    341. 

  341. <div class="versionadded">
    342. 

  342. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.3.</span></p>
    343. 

  343. </div>
    344. 

  344. <div class="versionchanged">
    345. 

  345. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.12: </span>Setting <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/import.html#cached__" title="__cached__"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__cached__</span></code></a> is deprecated. See
    346. 

  346. <a class="reference internal" href="../library/importlib.html#importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec" title="importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ModuleSpec</span></code></a> for alternatives.</p>
    347. 

  347. </div>
    348. 

  348. </dd></dl>
    349. 

  349. 

  350. <dl class="c function">
    351. 

  351. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_ExecCodeModuleWithPathnames">
    352. 

  352. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyImport_ExecCodeModuleWithPathnames</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">co</span></span>, <span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">pathname</span></span>, <span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">cpathname</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_ExecCodeModuleWithPathnames" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
    353. 

  353. <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Like <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyImport_ExecCodeModuleObject" title="PyImport_ExecCodeModuleObject"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyImport_ExecCodeModuleObject()</span></code></a>, but <em>name</em>, <em>pathname</em> and
    354. 

  354. <em>cpathname</em> are UTF-8 encoded strings. Attempts are also made to figure out
    355. 

  355. what the value for <em>pathname</em> should be from <em>cpathname</em> if the former is
    356. 

  356. set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>.</p>
    357. 

  357. <div class="versionadded">
    358. 

  358. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.2.</span></p>
    359. 

  359. </div>
    360. 

  360. <div class="versionchanged">
    361. 

  361. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.3: </span>Uses <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imp.source_from_cache()</span></code> in calculating the source path if
    362. 

  362. only the bytecode path is provided.</p>
    363. 

  363. </div>
    364. 

  364. <div class="versionchanged">
    365. 

  365. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.12: </span>No longer uses the removed <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imp</span></code> module.</p>
    366. 

  366. </div>
    367. 

  367. </dd></dl>
    368. 

  368. 

  369. <dl class="c function">
    370. 

  370. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_GetMagicNumber">
    371. 

  371. <span class="kt"><span class="pre">long</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyImport_GetMagicNumber</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_GetMagicNumber" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
    372. 

  372. <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Return the magic number for Python bytecode files (a.k.a. <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyc</span></code> file).
    373. 

  373. The magic number should be present in the first four bytes of the bytecode
    374. 

  374. file, in little-endian byte order. Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> on error.</p>
    375. 

  375. <div class="versionchanged">
    376. 

  376. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.3: </span>Return value of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> upon failure.</p>
    377. 

  377. </div>
    378. 

  378. </dd></dl>
    379. 

  379. 

  380. <dl class="c function">
    381. 

  381. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_GetMagicTag">
    382. 

  382. <span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyImport_GetMagicTag</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_GetMagicTag" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
    383. 

  383. <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Return the magic tag string for <span class="target" id="index-3"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://peps.python.org/pep-3147/"><strong>PEP 3147</strong></a> format Python bytecode file
    384. 

  384. names.  Keep in mind that the value at <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.implementation.cache_tag</span></code> is
    385. 

  385. authoritative and should be used instead of this function.</p>
    386. 

  386. <div class="versionadded">
    387. 

  387. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.2.</span></p>
    388. 

  388. </div>
    389. 

  389. </dd></dl>
    390. 

  390. 

  391. <dl class="c function">
    392. 

  392. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_GetModuleDict">
    393. 

  393. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyImport_GetModuleDict</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_GetModuleDict" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
    394. 

  394. <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: Borrowed reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Return the dictionary used for the module administration (a.k.a.
    395. 

  395. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.modules</span></code>).  Note that this is a per-interpreter variable.</p>
    396. 

  396. </dd></dl>
    397. 

  397. 

  398. <dl class="c function">
    399. 

  399. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_GetModule">
    400. 

  400. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyImport_GetModule</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_GetModule" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
    401. 

  401. <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a> since version 3.8.</em><p>Return the already imported module with the given name.  If the
    402. 

  402. module has not been imported yet then returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> but does not set
    403. 

  403. an error.  Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> and sets an error if the lookup failed.</p>
    404. 

  404. <div class="versionadded">
    405. 

  405. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.7.</span></p>
    406. 

  406. </div>
    407. 

  407. </dd></dl>
    408. 

  408. 

  409. <dl class="c function">
    410. 

  410. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_GetImporter">
    411. 

  411. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyImport_GetImporter</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_GetImporter" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
    412. 

  412. <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Return a finder object for a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.path" title="sys.path"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code></a>/<code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pkg.__path__</span></code> item
    413. 

  413. <em>path</em>, possibly by fetching it from the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.path_importer_cache" title="sys.path_importer_cache"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path_importer_cache</span></code></a>
    414. 

  414. dict.  If it wasn’t yet cached, traverse <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.path_hooks" title="sys.path_hooks"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path_hooks</span></code></a> until a hook
    415. 

  415. is found that can handle the path item.  Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> if no hook could;
    416. 

  416. this tells our caller that the <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-based-finder"><span class="xref std std-term">path based finder</span></a> could not find a
    417. 

  417. finder for this path item. Cache the result in <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.path_importer_cache" title="sys.path_importer_cache"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path_importer_cache</span></code></a>.
    418. 

  418. Return a new reference to the finder object.</p>
    419. 

  419. </dd></dl>
    420. 

  420. 

  421. <dl class="c function">
    422. 

  422. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_ImportFrozenModuleObject">
    423. 

  423. <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyImport_ImportFrozenModuleObject</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_ImportFrozenModuleObject" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
    424. 

  424. <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a> since version 3.7.</em><p>Load a frozen module named <em>name</em>.  Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> for success, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> if the
    425. 

  425. module is not found, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> with an exception set if the initialization
    426. 

  426. failed.  To access the imported module on a successful load, use
    427. 

  427. <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyImport_ImportModule" title="PyImport_ImportModule"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyImport_ImportModule()</span></code></a>.  (Note the misnomer — this function would
    428. 

  428. reload the module if it was already imported.)</p>
    429. 

  429. <div class="versionadded">
    430. 

  430. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.3.</span></p>
    431. 

  431. </div>
    432. 

  432. <div class="versionchanged">
    433. 

  433. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.4: </span>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__file__</span></code> attribute is no longer set on the module.</p>
    434. 

  434. </div>
    435. 

  435. </dd></dl>
    436. 

  436. 

  437. <dl class="c function">
    438. 

  438. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_ImportFrozenModule">
    439. 

  439. <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyImport_ImportFrozenModule</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_ImportFrozenModule" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
    440. 

  440. <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyImport_ImportFrozenModuleObject" title="PyImport_ImportFrozenModuleObject"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyImport_ImportFrozenModuleObject()</span></code></a>, but the name is a
    441. 

  441. UTF-8 encoded string instead of a Unicode object.</p>
    442. 

  442. </dd></dl>
    443. 

  443. 

  444. <dl class="c struct">
    445. 

  445. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c._frozen">
    446. 

  446. <span class="k"><span class="pre">struct</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">_frozen</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c._frozen" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
    447. 

  447. <dd><p id="index-4">This is the structure type definition for frozen module descriptors, as
    448. 

  448. generated by the <strong class="program">freeze</strong> utility (see <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Tools/freeze/</span></code> in the
    449. 

  449. Python source distribution).  Its definition, found in <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Include/import.h</span></code>,
    450. 

  450. is:</p>
    451. 

  451. <div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">_frozen</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
    452. 

  452. <span class="w">    </span><span class="k">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">;</span>
    453. 

  453. <span class="w">    </span><span class="k">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">unsigned</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">code</span><span class="p">;</span>
    454. 

  454. <span class="w">    </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">;</span>
    455. 

  455. <span class="w">    </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">is_package</span><span class="p">;</span>
    456. 

  456. <span class="p">};</span>
    457. 

  457. </pre></div>
    458. 

  458. </div>
    459. 

  459. <div class="versionchanged">
    460. 

  460. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.11: </span>The new <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">is_package</span></code> field indicates whether the module is a package or not.
    461. 

  461. This replaces setting the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">size</span></code> field to a negative value.</p>
    462. 

  462. </div>
    463. 

  463. </dd></dl>
    464. 

  464. 

  465. <dl class="c var">
    466. 

  466. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_FrozenModules">
    467. 

  467. <span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k"><span class="pre">struct</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference internal" href="#c._frozen" title="_frozen"><span class="n"><span class="pre">_frozen</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyImport_FrozenModules</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_FrozenModules" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
    468. 

  468. <dd><p>This pointer is initialized to point to an array of <a class="reference internal" href="#c._frozen" title="_frozen"><code class="xref c c-struct docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_frozen</span></code></a>
    469. 

  469. records, terminated by one whose members are all <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> or zero.  When a frozen
    470. 

  470. module is imported, it is searched in this table.  Third-party code could play
    471. 

  471. tricks with this to provide a dynamically created collection of frozen modules.</p>
    472. 

  472. </dd></dl>
    473. 

  473. 

  474. <dl class="c function">
    475. 

  475. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_AppendInittab">
    476. 

  476. <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyImport_AppendInittab</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">(</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">initfunc</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">)</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">(</span></span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">void</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">)</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_AppendInittab" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
    477. 

  477. <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Add a single module to the existing table of built-in modules.  This is a
    478. 

  478. convenience wrapper around <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyImport_ExtendInittab" title="PyImport_ExtendInittab"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyImport_ExtendInittab()</span></code></a>, returning <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> if
    479. 

  479. the table could not be extended.  The new module can be imported by the name
    480. 

  480. <em>name</em>, and uses the function <em>initfunc</em> as the initialization function called
    481. 

  481. on the first attempted import.  This should be called before
    482. 

  482. <a class="reference internal" href="init.html#c.Py_Initialize" title="Py_Initialize"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_Initialize()</span></code></a>.</p>
    483. 

  483. </dd></dl>
    484. 

  484. 

  485. <dl class="c struct">
    486. 

  486. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c._inittab">
    487. 

  487. <span class="k"><span class="pre">struct</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">_inittab</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c._inittab" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
    488. 

  488. <dd><p>Structure describing a single entry in the list of built-in modules.
    489. 

  489. Programs which
    490. 

  490. embed Python may use an array of these structures in conjunction with
    491. 

  491. <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyImport_ExtendInittab" title="PyImport_ExtendInittab"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyImport_ExtendInittab()</span></code></a> to provide additional built-in modules.
    492. 

  492. The structure consists of two members:</p>
    493. 

  493. <dl class="c member">
    494. 

  494. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c._inittab.name">
    495. 

  495. <span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c._inittab.name" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
    496. 

  496. <dd><p>The module name, as an ASCII encoded string.</p>
    497. 

  497. </dd></dl>
    498. 

  498. 

  499. </dd></dl>
    500. 

  500. 

  501. <dl class="c function">
    502. 

  502. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_ExtendInittab">
    503. 

  503. <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyImport_ExtendInittab</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="k"><span class="pre">struct</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference internal" href="#c._inittab" title="_inittab"><span class="n"><span class="pre">_inittab</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">newtab</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_ExtendInittab" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
    504. 

  504. <dd><p>Add a collection of modules to the table of built-in modules.  The <em>newtab</em>
    505. 

  505. array must end with a sentinel entry which contains <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> for the <a class="reference internal" href="#c._inittab.name" title="_inittab.name"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">name</span></code></a>
    506. 

  506. field; failure to provide the sentinel value can result in a memory fault.
    507. 

  507. Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> on success or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> if insufficient memory could be allocated to
    508. 

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