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  157. <section id="python-c-api-reference-manual">
  158. <span id="c-api-index"></span><h1>Python/C API Reference Manual<a class="headerlink" href="#python-c-api-reference-manual" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
  159. <p>This manual documents the API used by C and C++ programmers who want to write
  160. extension modules or embed Python. It is a companion to <a class="reference internal" href="../extending/index.html#extending-index"><span class="std std-ref">Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter</span></a>,
  161. which describes the general principles of extension writing but does not
  162. document the API functions in detail.</p>
  163. <div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
  164. <ul>
  165. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html">Introduction</a><ul>
  166. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#coding-standards">Coding standards</a></li>
  167. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#include-files">Include Files</a></li>
  168. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#useful-macros">Useful macros</a></li>
  169. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#objects-types-and-reference-counts">Objects, Types and Reference Counts</a></li>
  170. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li>
  171. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#embedding-python">Embedding Python</a></li>
  172. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#debugging-builds">Debugging Builds</a></li>
  173. </ul>
  174. </li>
  175. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="stable.html">C API Stability</a><ul>
  176. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#unstable-c-api">Unstable C API</a></li>
  177. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable-application-binary-interface">Stable Application Binary Interface</a></li>
  178. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#platform-considerations">Platform Considerations</a></li>
  179. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#contents-of-limited-api">Contents of Limited API</a></li>
  180. </ul>
  181. </li>
  182. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="veryhigh.html">The Very High Level Layer</a></li>
  183. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="refcounting.html">Reference Counting</a></li>
  184. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html">Exception Handling</a><ul>
  185. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#printing-and-clearing">Printing and clearing</a></li>
  186. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#raising-exceptions">Raising exceptions</a></li>
  187. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#issuing-warnings">Issuing warnings</a></li>
  188. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#querying-the-error-indicator">Querying the error indicator</a></li>
  189. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#signal-handling">Signal Handling</a></li>
  190. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exception-classes">Exception Classes</a></li>
  191. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exception-objects">Exception Objects</a></li>
  192. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#unicode-exception-objects">Unicode Exception Objects</a></li>
  193. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#recursion-control">Recursion Control</a></li>
  194. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#standard-exceptions">Standard Exceptions</a></li>
  195. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#standard-warning-categories">Standard Warning Categories</a></li>
  196. </ul>
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  198. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="utilities.html">Utilities</a><ul>
  199. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sys.html">Operating System Utilities</a></li>
  200. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#system-functions">System Functions</a></li>
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  202. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="import.html">Importing Modules</a></li>
  203. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="marshal.html">Data marshalling support</a></li>
  204. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="arg.html">Parsing arguments and building values</a></li>
  205. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="conversion.html">String conversion and formatting</a></li>
  206. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reflection.html">Reflection</a></li>
  207. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="codec.html">Codec registry and support functions</a></li>
  208. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="perfmaps.html">Support for Perf Maps</a></li>
  209. </ul>
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  211. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="abstract.html">Abstract Objects Layer</a><ul>
  212. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="object.html">Object Protocol</a></li>
  213. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="call.html">Call Protocol</a></li>
  214. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="number.html">Number Protocol</a></li>
  215. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sequence.html">Sequence Protocol</a></li>
  216. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mapping.html">Mapping Protocol</a></li>
  217. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="iter.html">Iterator Protocol</a></li>
  218. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="buffer.html">Buffer Protocol</a></li>
  219. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="objbuffer.html">Old Buffer Protocol</a></li>
  220. </ul>
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  222. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="concrete.html">Concrete Objects Layer</a><ul>
  223. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="concrete.html#fundamental-objects">Fundamental Objects</a></li>
  224. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="concrete.html#numeric-objects">Numeric Objects</a></li>
  225. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="concrete.html#sequence-objects">Sequence Objects</a></li>
  226. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="concrete.html#container-objects">Container Objects</a></li>
  227. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="concrete.html#function-objects">Function Objects</a></li>
  228. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="concrete.html#other-objects">Other Objects</a></li>
  229. </ul>
  230. </li>
  231. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="init.html">Initialization, Finalization, and Threads</a><ul>
  232. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="init.html#before-python-initialization">Before Python Initialization</a></li>
  233. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="init.html#global-configuration-variables">Global configuration variables</a></li>
  234. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="init.html#initializing-and-finalizing-the-interpreter">Initializing and finalizing the interpreter</a></li>
  235. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="init.html#process-wide-parameters">Process-wide parameters</a></li>
  236. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="init.html#thread-state-and-the-global-interpreter-lock">Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock</a></li>
  237. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="init.html#sub-interpreter-support">Sub-interpreter support</a></li>
  238. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="init.html#asynchronous-notifications">Asynchronous Notifications</a></li>
  239. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="init.html#profiling-and-tracing">Profiling and Tracing</a></li>
  240. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="init.html#advanced-debugger-support">Advanced Debugger Support</a></li>
  241. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="init.html#thread-local-storage-support">Thread Local Storage Support</a></li>
  242. </ul>
  243. </li>
  244. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="init_config.html">Python Initialization Configuration</a><ul>
  245. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="init_config.html#example">Example</a></li>
  246. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="init_config.html#pywidestringlist">PyWideStringList</a></li>
  247. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="init_config.html#pystatus">PyStatus</a></li>
  248. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="init_config.html#pypreconfig">PyPreConfig</a></li>
  249. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="init_config.html#preinitialize-python-with-pypreconfig">Preinitialize Python with PyPreConfig</a></li>
  250. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="init_config.html#pyconfig">PyConfig</a></li>
  251. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="init_config.html#initialization-with-pyconfig">Initialization with PyConfig</a></li>
  252. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="init_config.html#isolated-configuration">Isolated Configuration</a></li>
  253. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="init_config.html#python-configuration">Python Configuration</a></li>
  254. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="init_config.html#python-path-configuration">Python Path Configuration</a></li>
  255. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="init_config.html#py-runmain">Py_RunMain()</a></li>
  256. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="init_config.html#py-getargcargv">Py_GetArgcArgv()</a></li>
  257. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="init_config.html#multi-phase-initialization-private-provisional-api">Multi-Phase Initialization Private Provisional API</a></li>
  258. </ul>
  259. </li>
  260. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="memory.html">Memory Management</a><ul>
  261. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="memory.html#overview">Overview</a></li>
  262. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="memory.html#allocator-domains">Allocator Domains</a></li>
  263. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="memory.html#raw-memory-interface">Raw Memory Interface</a></li>
  264. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="memory.html#memory-interface">Memory Interface</a></li>
  265. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="memory.html#object-allocators">Object allocators</a></li>
  266. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="memory.html#default-memory-allocators">Default Memory Allocators</a></li>
  267. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="memory.html#customize-memory-allocators">Customize Memory Allocators</a></li>
  268. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="memory.html#debug-hooks-on-the-python-memory-allocators">Debug hooks on the Python memory allocators</a></li>
  269. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="memory.html#the-pymalloc-allocator">The pymalloc allocator</a></li>
  270. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="memory.html#tracemalloc-c-api">tracemalloc C API</a></li>
  271. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="memory.html#examples">Examples</a></li>
  272. </ul>
  273. </li>
  274. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="objimpl.html">Object Implementation Support</a><ul>
  275. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="allocation.html">Allocating Objects on the Heap</a></li>
  276. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html">Common Object Structures</a></li>
  277. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html">Type Objects</a></li>
  278. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#number-object-structures">Number Object Structures</a></li>
  279. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#mapping-object-structures">Mapping Object Structures</a></li>
  280. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#sequence-object-structures">Sequence Object Structures</a></li>
  281. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#buffer-object-structures">Buffer Object Structures</a></li>
  282. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#async-object-structures">Async Object Structures</a></li>
  283. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#slot-type-typedefs">Slot Type typedefs</a></li>
  284. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#examples">Examples</a></li>
  285. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gcsupport.html">Supporting Cyclic Garbage Collection</a></li>
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