wzj
/
Sources_For_Win


			
							123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178179180181182183184185186187188189190191192193194195196197198199200201202203204205206207208209210211212213214215216217218219220221222223224225226227228229230231232233234235236237238239240241242243244245246247248249250251252253254255256257258259260261262263264265266267268269270271272273274275276277278279280281282283284285286287288289290291292293294295296297298299300301302303304305306307308309310311312313314315316317318319320321322323324325326
							
<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>
  <head>
    <meta charset="utf-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /><meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.17.1: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/" />
<meta property="og:title" content="Utilities" />
<meta property="og:type" content="website" />
<meta property="og:url" content="https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/utilities.html" />
<meta property="og:site_name" content="Python documentation" />
<meta property="og:description" content="The functions in this chapter perform various utility tasks, ranging from helping C code be more portable across platforms, using Python modules from C, and parsing function arguments and construct..." />
<meta property="og:image" content="https://docs.python.org/3/_static/og-image.png" />
<meta property="og:image:alt" content="Python documentation" />
<meta name="description" content="The functions in this chapter perform various utility tasks, ranging from helping C code be more portable across platforms, using Python modules from C, and parsing function arguments and construct..." />
<meta property="og:image:width" content="200" />
<meta property="og:image:height" content="200" />
<meta name="theme-color" content="#3776ab" />

    <title>Utilities &#8212; Python 3.12.0 documentation</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/pygments.css" />
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/pydoctheme.css?digest=b37c26da2f7529d09fe70b41c4b2133fe4931a90" />
    <link id="pygments_dark_css" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/pygments_dark.css" />
    
    <script data-url_root="../" id="documentation_options" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script>
    <script src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
    <script src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
    <script src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
    
    <script src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script>
    
    <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"
          title="Search within Python 3.12.0 documentation"
          href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/>
    <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" />
    <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" />
    <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" />
    <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" />
    <link rel="next" title="Operating System Utilities" href="sys.html" />
    <link rel="prev" title="Exception Handling" href="exceptions.html" />
    <link rel="canonical" href="https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/utilities.html" />
    
      
    <style>
      @media only screen {
        table.full-width-table {
            width: 100%;
        }
      }
    </style>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pydoctheme_dark.css" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" id="pydoctheme_dark_css">
    <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.svg" />
            <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script>
            <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/menu.js"></script>
            <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/themetoggle.js"></script> 

  </head>
<body>
<div class="mobile-nav">
    <input type="checkbox" id="menuToggler" class="toggler__input" aria-controls="navigation"
           aria-pressed="false" aria-expanded="false" role="button" aria-label="Menu" />
    <nav class="nav-content" role="navigation">
        <label for="menuToggler" class="toggler__label">
            <span></span>
        </label>
        <span class="nav-items-wrapper">
            <a href="https://www.python.org/" class="nav-logo">
                <img src="../_static/py.svg" alt="Logo"/>
            </a>
            <span class="version_switcher_placeholder"></span>
            <form role="search" class="search" action="../search.html" method="get">
                <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="search-icon">
                    <path fill-rule="nonzero" fill="currentColor" d="M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27a6.5 6.5 0 001.48-5.34c-.47-2.78-2.79-5-5.59-5.34a6.505 6.505 0 00-7.27 7.27c.34 2.8 2.56 5.12 5.34 5.59a6.5 6.5 0 005.34-1.48l.27.28v.79l4.25 4.25c.41.41 1.08.41 1.49 0 .41-.41.41-1.08 0-1.49L15.5 14zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z"></path>
                </svg>
                <input placeholder="Quick search" aria-label="Quick search" type="search" name="q" />
                <input type="submit" value="Go"/>
            </form>
        </span>
    </nav>
    <div class="menu-wrapper">
        <nav class="menu" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
            <div class="language_switcher_placeholder"></div>
            
<label class="theme-selector-label">
    Theme
    <select class="theme-selector" oninput="activateTheme(this.value)">
        <option value="auto" selected>Auto</option>
        <option value="light">Light</option>
        <option value="dark">Dark</option>
    </select>
</label>
  <div>
    <h4>Previous topic</h4>
    <p class="topless"><a href="exceptions.html"
                          title="previous chapter">Exception Handling</a></p>
  </div>
  <div>
    <h4>Next topic</h4>
    <p class="topless"><a href="sys.html"
                          title="next chapter">Operating System Utilities</a></p>
  </div>
  <div role="note" aria-label="source link">
    <h3>This Page</h3>
    <ul class="this-page-menu">
      <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li>
      <li>
        <a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Doc/c-api/utilities.rst"
            rel="nofollow">Show Source
        </a>
      </li>
    </ul>
  </div>
        </nav>
    </div>
</div>

  
    <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation">
      <h3>Navigation</h3>
      <ul>
        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
          <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
             >modules</a> |</li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="sys.html" title="Operating System Utilities"
             accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="exceptions.html" title="Exception Handling"
             accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>

          <li><img src="../_static/py.svg" alt="python logo" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li>
          <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> &#187;</li>
          <li class="switchers">
            <div class="language_switcher_placeholder"></div>
            <div class="version_switcher_placeholder"></div>
          </li>
          <li>
              
          </li>
    <li id="cpython-language-and-version">
      <a href="../index.html">3.12.0 Documentation</a> &#187;
    </li>

          <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" accesskey="U">Python/C API Reference Manual</a> &#187;</li>
        <li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href="">Utilities</a></li>
                <li class="right">
                    

    <div class="inline-search" role="search">
        <form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get">
          <input placeholder="Quick search" aria-label="Quick search" type="search" name="q" />
          <input type="submit" value="Go" />
        </form>
    </div>
                     |
                </li>
            <li class="right">
<label class="theme-selector-label">
    Theme
    <select class="theme-selector" oninput="activateTheme(this.value)">
        <option value="auto" selected>Auto</option>
        <option value="light">Light</option>
        <option value="dark">Dark</option>
    </select>
</label> |</li>
            
      </ul>
    </div>    

    <div class="document">
      <div class="documentwrapper">
        <div class="bodywrapper">
          <div class="body" role="main">
            
  <section id="utilities">
<span id="id1"></span><h1>Utilities<a class="headerlink" href="#utilities" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>The functions in this chapter perform various utility tasks, ranging from
helping C code be more portable across platforms, using Python modules from C,
and parsing function arguments and constructing Python values from C values.</p>
<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="sys.html">Operating System Utilities</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#system-functions">System Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#process-control">Process Control</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="import.html">Importing Modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="marshal.html">Data marshalling support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="arg.html">Parsing arguments and building values</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="arg.html#parsing-arguments">Parsing arguments</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="arg.html#strings-and-buffers">Strings and buffers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="arg.html#numbers">Numbers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="arg.html#other-objects">Other objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="arg.html#api-functions">API Functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="arg.html#building-values">Building values</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="conversion.html">String conversion and formatting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="reflection.html">Reflection</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="codec.html">Codec registry and support functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="codec.html#codec-lookup-api">Codec lookup API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="codec.html#registry-api-for-unicode-encoding-error-handlers">Registry API for Unicode encoding error handlers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="perfmaps.html">Support for Perf Maps</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>


            <div class="clearer"></div>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
  <div>
    <h4>Previous topic</h4>
    <p class="topless"><a href="exceptions.html"
                          title="previous chapter">Exception Handling</a></p>
  </div>
  <div>
    <h4>Next topic</h4>
    <p class="topless"><a href="sys.html"
                          title="next chapter">Operating System Utilities</a></p>
  </div>
  <div role="note" aria-label="source link">
    <h3>This Page</h3>
    <ul class="this-page-menu">
      <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li>
      <li>
        <a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Doc/c-api/utilities.rst"
            rel="nofollow">Show Source
        </a>
      </li>
    </ul>
  </div>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="clearer"></div>
    </div>  
    <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation">
      <h3>Navigation</h3>
      <ul>
        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
          <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
             >index</a></li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
             >modules</a> |</li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="sys.html" title="Operating System Utilities"
             >next</a> |</li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="exceptions.html" title="Exception Handling"
             >previous</a> |</li>

          <li><img src="../_static/py.svg" alt="python logo" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li>
          <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> &#187;</li>
          <li class="switchers">
            <div class="language_switcher_placeholder"></div>
            <div class="version_switcher_placeholder"></div>
          </li>
          <li>
              
          </li>
    <li id="cpython-language-and-version">
      <a href="../index.html">3.12.0 Documentation</a> &#187;
    </li>

          <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >Python/C API Reference Manual</a> &#187;</li>
        <li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href="">Utilities</a></li>
                <li class="right">
                    

    <div class="inline-search" role="search">
        <form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get">
          <input placeholder="Quick search" aria-label="Quick search" type="search" name="q" />
          <input type="submit" value="Go" />
        </form>
    </div>
                     |
                </li>
            <li class="right">
<label class="theme-selector-label">
    Theme
    <select class="theme-selector" oninput="activateTheme(this.value)">
        <option value="auto" selected>Auto</option>
        <option value="light">Light</option>
        <option value="dark">Dark</option>
    </select>
</label> |</li>
            
      </ul>
    </div>  
    <div class="footer">
    &copy; <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 2001-2023, Python Software Foundation.
    <br />
    This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2.
    <br />
    Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License.
    <br />
    See <a href="/license.html">History and License</a> for more information.<br />
    <br />

    The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation.
<a href="https://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a>
<br />
    <br />

    Last updated on Oct 02, 2023.
    <a href="/bugs.html">Found a bug</a>?
    <br />

    Created using <a href="https://www.sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 4.5.0.
    </div>

  </body>
</html>