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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">12. Virtual Environments and Packages</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#introduction">12.1. Introduction</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-virtual-environments">12.2. Creating Virtual Environments</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#managing-packages-with-pip">12.3. Managing Packages with pip</a></li>
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  <section id="virtual-environments-and-packages">
<span id="tut-venv"></span><h1><span class="section-number">12. </span>Virtual Environments and Packages<a class="headerlink" href="#virtual-environments-and-packages" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<section id="introduction">
<h2><span class="section-number">12.1. </span>Introduction<a class="headerlink" href="#introduction" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Python applications will often use packages and modules that don’t
come as part of the standard library.  Applications will sometimes
need a specific version of a library, because the application may
require that a particular bug has been fixed or the application may be
written using an obsolete version of the library’s interface.</p>
<p>This means it may not be possible for one Python installation to meet
the requirements of every application.  If application A needs version
1.0 of a particular module but application B needs version 2.0, then
the requirements are in conflict and installing either version 1.0 or 2.0
will leave one application unable to run.</p>
<p>The solution for this problem is to create a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-virtual-environment"><span class="xref std std-term">virtual environment</span></a>, a
self-contained directory tree that contains a Python installation for a
particular version of Python, plus a number of additional packages.</p>
<p>Different applications can then use different virtual environments.
To resolve the earlier example of conflicting requirements,
application A can have its own virtual environment with version 1.0
installed while application B has another virtual environment with version 2.0.
If application B requires a library be upgraded to version 3.0, this will
not affect application A’s environment.</p>
</section>
<section id="creating-virtual-environments">
<h2><span class="section-number">12.2. </span>Creating Virtual Environments<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-virtual-environments" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The module used to create and manage virtual environments is called
<a class="reference internal" href="../library/venv.html#module-venv" title="venv: Creation of virtual environments."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">venv</span></code></a>.  <a class="reference internal" href="../library/venv.html#module-venv" title="venv: Creation of virtual environments."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">venv</span></code></a> will usually install the most recent version of
Python that you have available. If you have multiple versions of Python on your
system, you can select a specific Python version by running <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python3</span></code> or
whichever version you want.</p>
<p>To create a virtual environment, decide upon a directory where you want to
place it, and run the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/venv.html#module-venv" title="venv: Creation of virtual environments."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">venv</span></code></a> module as a script with the directory path:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">python</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="n">venv</span> <span class="n">tutorial</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">env</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This will create the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tutorial-env</span></code> directory if it doesn’t exist,
and also create directories inside it containing a copy of the Python
interpreter and various supporting files.</p>
<p>A common directory location for a virtual environment is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.venv</span></code>.
This name keeps the directory typically hidden in your shell and thus
out of the way while giving it a name that explains why the directory
exists. It also prevents clashing with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.env</span></code> environment variable
definition files that some tooling supports.</p>
<p>Once you’ve created a virtual environment, you may activate it.</p>
<p>On Windows, run:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">tutorial</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">env</span>\<span class="n">Scripts</span>\<span class="n">activate</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>On Unix or MacOS, run:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">source</span> <span class="n">tutorial</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">env</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">bin</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">activate</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>(This script is written for the bash shell.  If you use the
<strong class="program">csh</strong> or <strong class="program">fish</strong> shells, there are alternate
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">activate.csh</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">activate.fish</span></code> scripts you should use
instead.)</p>
<p>Activating the virtual environment will change your shell’s prompt to show what
virtual environment you’re using, and modify the environment so that running
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span></code> will get you that particular version and installation of Python.
For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">source</span><span class="w"> </span>~/envs/tutorial-env/bin/activate
<span class="o">(</span>tutorial-env<span class="o">)</span><span class="w"> </span>$<span class="w"> </span>python
Python<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">3</span>.5.1<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span>default,<span class="w"> </span>May<span class="w">  </span><span class="m">6</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2016</span>,<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">10</span>:59:36<span class="o">)</span>
<span class="w">  </span>...
&gt;&gt;&gt;<span class="w"> </span>import<span class="w"> </span>sys
&gt;&gt;&gt;<span class="w"> </span>sys.path
<span class="o">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span>,<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;/usr/local/lib/python35.zip&#39;</span>,<span class="w"> </span>...,
<span class="s1">&#39;~/envs/tutorial-env/lib/python3.5/site-packages&#39;</span><span class="o">]</span>
&gt;&gt;&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>To deactivate a virtual environment, type:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">deactivate</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>into the terminal.</p>
</section>
<section id="managing-packages-with-pip">
<h2><span class="section-number">12.3. </span>Managing Packages with pip<a class="headerlink" href="#managing-packages-with-pip" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>You can install, upgrade, and remove packages using a program called
<strong class="program">pip</strong>.  By default <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> will install packages from the <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org">Python
Package Index</a>.  You can browse the Python
Package Index by going to it in your web browser.</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> has a number of subcommands: “install”, “uninstall”,
“freeze”, etc.  (Consult the <a class="reference internal" href="../installing/index.html#installing-index"><span class="std std-ref">Installing Python Modules</span></a> guide for
complete documentation for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code>.)</p>
<p>You can install the latest version of a package by specifying a package’s name:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">(</span>tutorial-env<span class="o">)</span><span class="w"> </span>$<span class="w"> </span>python<span class="w"> </span>-m<span class="w"> </span>pip<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>novas
Collecting<span class="w"> </span>novas
<span class="w">  </span>Downloading<span class="w"> </span>novas-3.1.1.3.tar.gz<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span>136kB<span class="o">)</span>
Installing<span class="w"> </span>collected<span class="w"> </span>packages:<span class="w"> </span>novas
<span class="w">  </span>Running<span class="w"> </span>setup.py<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span>novas
Successfully<span class="w"> </span>installed<span class="w"> </span>novas-3.1.1.3
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You can also install a specific version of a package by giving the
package name  followed by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">==</span></code> and the version number:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">(</span>tutorial-env<span class="o">)</span><span class="w"> </span>$<span class="w"> </span>python<span class="w"> </span>-m<span class="w"> </span>pip<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">requests</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="m">2</span>.6.0
Collecting<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">requests</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="m">2</span>.6.0
<span class="w">  </span>Using<span class="w"> </span>cached<span class="w"> </span>requests-2.6.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Installing<span class="w"> </span>collected<span class="w"> </span>packages:<span class="w"> </span>requests
Successfully<span class="w"> </span>installed<span class="w"> </span>requests-2.6.0
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If you re-run this command, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> will notice that the requested
version is already installed and do nothing.  You can supply a
different version number to get that version, or you can run <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span>
<span class="pre">-m</span> <span class="pre">pip</span> <span class="pre">install</span> <span class="pre">--upgrade</span></code> to upgrade the package to the latest version:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">(</span>tutorial-env<span class="o">)</span><span class="w"> </span>$<span class="w"> </span>python<span class="w"> </span>-m<span class="w"> </span>pip<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>--upgrade<span class="w"> </span>requests
Collecting<span class="w"> </span>requests
Installing<span class="w"> </span>collected<span class="w"> </span>packages:<span class="w"> </span>requests
<span class="w">  </span>Found<span class="w"> </span>existing<span class="w"> </span>installation:<span class="w"> </span>requests<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span>.6.0
<span class="w">    </span>Uninstalling<span class="w"> </span>requests-2.6.0:
<span class="w">      </span>Successfully<span class="w"> </span>uninstalled<span class="w"> </span>requests-2.6.0
Successfully<span class="w"> </span>installed<span class="w"> </span>requests-2.7.0
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">-m</span> <span class="pre">pip</span> <span class="pre">uninstall</span></code> followed by one or more package names will
remove the packages from the virtual environment.</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">-m</span> <span class="pre">pip</span> <span class="pre">show</span></code> will display information about a particular package:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">(</span>tutorial-env<span class="o">)</span><span class="w"> </span>$<span class="w"> </span>python<span class="w"> </span>-m<span class="w"> </span>pip<span class="w"> </span>show<span class="w"> </span>requests
---
Metadata-Version:<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span>.0
Name:<span class="w"> </span>requests
Version:<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span>.7.0
Summary:<span class="w"> </span>Python<span class="w"> </span>HTTP<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span>Humans.
Home-page:<span class="w"> </span>http://python-requests.org
Author:<span class="w"> </span>Kenneth<span class="w"> </span>Reitz
Author-email:<span class="w"> </span>me@kennethreitz.com
License:<span class="w"> </span>Apache<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span>.0
Location:<span class="w"> </span>/Users/akuchling/envs/tutorial-env/lib/python3.4/site-packages
Requires:
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">-m</span> <span class="pre">pip</span> <span class="pre">list</span></code> will display all of the packages installed in
the virtual environment:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">(</span>tutorial-env<span class="o">)</span><span class="w"> </span>$<span class="w"> </span>python<span class="w"> </span>-m<span class="w"> </span>pip<span class="w"> </span>list
novas<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="m">3</span>.1.1.3<span class="o">)</span>
numpy<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="m">1</span>.9.2<span class="o">)</span>
pip<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="m">7</span>.0.3<span class="o">)</span>
requests<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="m">2</span>.7.0<span class="o">)</span>
setuptools<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="m">16</span>.0<span class="o">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">-m</span> <span class="pre">pip</span> <span class="pre">freeze</span></code> will produce a similar list of the installed packages,
but the output uses the format that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">-m</span> <span class="pre">pip</span> <span class="pre">install</span></code> expects.
A common convention is to put this list in a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">requirements.txt</span></code> file:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">(</span>tutorial-env<span class="o">)</span><span class="w"> </span>$<span class="w"> </span>python<span class="w"> </span>-m<span class="w"> </span>pip<span class="w"> </span>freeze<span class="w"> </span>&gt;<span class="w"> </span>requirements.txt
<span class="o">(</span>tutorial-env<span class="o">)</span><span class="w"> </span>$<span class="w"> </span>cat<span class="w"> </span>requirements.txt
<span class="nv">novas</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="m">3</span>.1.1.3
<span class="nv">numpy</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="m">1</span>.9.2
<span class="nv">requests</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="m">2</span>.7.0
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">requirements.txt</span></code> can then be committed to version control and
shipped as part of an application.  Users can then install all the
necessary packages with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">install</span> <span class="pre">-r</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">(</span>tutorial-env<span class="o">)</span><span class="w"> </span>$<span class="w"> </span>python<span class="w"> </span>-m<span class="w"> </span>pip<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>-r<span class="w"> </span>requirements.txt
Collecting<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">novas</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="m">3</span>.1.1.3<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span>from<span class="w"> </span>-r<span class="w"> </span>requirements.txt<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span>line<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="o">))</span>
<span class="w">  </span>...
Collecting<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">numpy</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="m">1</span>.9.2<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span>from<span class="w"> </span>-r<span class="w"> </span>requirements.txt<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span>line<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span><span class="o">))</span>
<span class="w">  </span>...
Collecting<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">requests</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="m">2</span>.7.0<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span>from<span class="w"> </span>-r<span class="w"> </span>requirements.txt<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span>line<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">3</span><span class="o">))</span>
<span class="w">  </span>...
Installing<span class="w"> </span>collected<span class="w"> </span>packages:<span class="w"> </span>novas,<span class="w"> </span>numpy,<span class="w"> </span>requests
<span class="w">  </span>Running<span class="w"> </span>setup.py<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span>novas
Successfully<span class="w"> </span>installed<span class="w"> </span>novas-3.1.1.3<span class="w"> </span>numpy-1.9.2<span class="w"> </span>requests-2.7.0
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> has many more options.  Consult the <a class="reference internal" href="../installing/index.html#installing-index"><span class="std std-ref">Installing Python Modules</span></a>
guide for complete documentation for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code>.  When you’ve written
a package and want to make it available on the Python Package Index,
consult the <a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/tutorials/packaging-projects/">Python packaging user guide</a>.</p>
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