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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">2. Using Python on Unix platforms</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#getting-and-installing-the-latest-version-of-python">2.1. Getting and installing the latest version of Python</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#on-linux">2.1.1. On Linux</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#on-freebsd-and-openbsd">2.1.2. On FreeBSD and OpenBSD</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#building-python">2.2. Building Python</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#python-related-paths-and-files">2.3. Python-related paths and files</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#miscellaneous">2.4. Miscellaneous</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#custom-openssl">2.5. Custom OpenSSL</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
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  <section id="using-python-on-unix-platforms">
<span id="using-on-unix"></span><h1><span class="section-number">2. </span>Using Python on Unix platforms<a class="headerlink" href="#using-python-on-unix-platforms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<section id="getting-and-installing-the-latest-version-of-python">
<h2><span class="section-number">2.1. </span>Getting and installing the latest version of Python<a class="headerlink" href="#getting-and-installing-the-latest-version-of-python" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<section id="on-linux">
<h3><span class="section-number">2.1.1. </span>On Linux<a class="headerlink" href="#on-linux" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Python comes preinstalled on most Linux distributions, and is available as a
package on all others.  However there are certain features you might want to use
that are not available on your distro’s package.  You can easily compile the
latest version of Python from source.</p>
<p>In the event that Python doesn’t come preinstalled and isn’t in the repositories as
well, you can easily make packages for your own distro.  Have a look at the
following links:</p>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
<dl class="simple">
<dt><a class="reference external" href="https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/maint-guide/first.en.html">https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/maint-guide/first.en.html</a></dt><dd><p>for Debian users</p>
</dd>
<dt><a class="reference external" href="https://en.opensuse.org/Portal:Packaging">https://en.opensuse.org/Portal:Packaging</a></dt><dd><p>for OpenSuse users</p>
</dd>
<dt><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/package-maintainers/Packaging_Tutorial_GNU_Hello/">https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/package-maintainers/Packaging_Tutorial_GNU_Hello/</a></dt><dd><p>for Fedora users</p>
</dd>
<dt><a class="reference external" href="https://slackbook.org/html/package-management-making-packages.html">https://slackbook.org/html/package-management-making-packages.html</a></dt><dd><p>for Slackware users</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</section>
<section id="on-freebsd-and-openbsd">
<h3><span class="section-number">2.1.2. </span>On FreeBSD and OpenBSD<a class="headerlink" href="#on-freebsd-and-openbsd" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><p>FreeBSD users, to add the package use:</p>
<div class="highlight-sh notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>pkg<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>python3
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>OpenBSD users, to add the package use:</p>
<div class="highlight-sh notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>pkg_add<span class="w"> </span>-r<span class="w"> </span>python

pkg_add<span class="w"> </span>ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.2/packages/&lt;insert<span class="w"> </span>your<span class="w"> </span>architecture<span class="w"> </span>here&gt;/python-&lt;version&gt;.tgz
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>For example i386 users get the 2.5.1 version of Python using:</p>
<div class="highlight-sh notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>pkg_add<span class="w"> </span>ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.2/packages/i386/python-2.5.1p2.tgz
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section id="building-python">
<span id="building-python-on-unix"></span><h2><span class="section-number">2.2. </span>Building Python<a class="headerlink" href="#building-python" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>If you want to compile CPython yourself, first thing you should do is get the
<a class="reference external" href="https://www.python.org/downloads/source/">source</a>. You can download either the
latest release’s source or just grab a fresh <a class="reference external" href="https://devguide.python.org/setup/#get-the-source-code">clone</a>.  (If you want
to contribute patches, you will need a clone.)</p>
<p>The build process consists of the usual commands:</p>
<div class="highlight-sh notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>./configure
make
make<span class="w"> </span>install
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="configure.html#configure-options"><span class="std std-ref">Configuration options</span></a> and caveats for specific Unix
platforms are extensively documented in the <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.12/README.rst">README.rst</a> file in the
root of the Python source tree.</p>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">install</span></code> can overwrite or masquerade the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python3</span></code> binary.
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">altinstall</span></code> is therefore recommended instead of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">install</span></code>
since it only installs <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">exec_prefix</span></em><span class="pre">/bin/python</span><em><span class="pre">version</span></em></code>.</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="python-related-paths-and-files">
<h2><span class="section-number">2.3. </span>Python-related paths and files<a class="headerlink" href="#python-related-paths-and-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>These are subject to difference depending on local installation conventions;
<a class="reference internal" href="configure.html#cmdoption-prefix"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">prefix</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="configure.html#cmdoption-exec-prefix"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec_prefix</span></code></a>
are installation-dependent and should be interpreted as for GNU software; they
may be the same.</p>
<p>For example, on most Linux systems, the default for both is <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr</span></code>.</p>
<table class="docutils align-default">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 53%" />
<col style="width: 47%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>File/directory</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Meaning</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">exec_prefix</span></em><span class="pre">/bin/python3</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Recommended location of the interpreter.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">prefix</span></em><span class="pre">/lib/python</span><em><span class="pre">version</span></em></code>,
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">exec_prefix</span></em><span class="pre">/lib/python</span><em><span class="pre">version</span></em></code></p></td>
<td><p>Recommended locations of the directories
containing the standard modules.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">prefix</span></em><span class="pre">/include/python</span><em><span class="pre">version</span></em></code>,
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">exec_prefix</span></em><span class="pre">/include/python</span><em><span class="pre">version</span></em></code></p></td>
<td><p>Recommended locations of the directories
containing the include files needed for
developing Python extensions and
embedding the interpreter.</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
<section id="miscellaneous">
<h2><span class="section-number">2.4. </span>Miscellaneous<a class="headerlink" href="#miscellaneous" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>To easily use Python scripts on Unix, you need to make them executable,
e.g. with</p>
<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>chmod<span class="w"> </span>+x<span class="w"> </span>script
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>and put an appropriate Shebang line at the top of the script.  A good choice is
usually</p>
<div class="highlight-sh notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="ch">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>which searches for the Python interpreter in the whole <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PATH</span></code>.  However,
some Unices may not have the <strong class="program">env</strong> command, so you may need to hardcode
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/bin/python3</span></code> as the interpreter path.</p>
<p>To use shell commands in your Python scripts, look at the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/subprocess.html#module-subprocess" title="subprocess: Subprocess management."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subprocess</span></code></a> module.</p>
</section>
<section id="custom-openssl">
<span id="unix-custom-openssl"></span><h2><span class="section-number">2.5. </span>Custom OpenSSL<a class="headerlink" href="#custom-openssl" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<ol class="arabic">
<li><p>To use your vendor’s OpenSSL configuration and system trust store, locate
the directory with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">openssl.cnf</span></code> file or symlink in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc</span></code>. On most
distribution the file is either in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/ssl</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/pki/tls</span></code>. The
directory should also contain a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cert.pem</span></code> file and/or a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">certs</span></code>
directory.</p>
<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>find<span class="w"> </span>/etc/<span class="w"> </span>-name<span class="w"> </span>openssl.cnf<span class="w"> </span>-printf<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;%h\n&quot;</span>
<span class="go">/etc/ssl</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Download, build, and install OpenSSL. Make sure you use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">install_sw</span></code> and
not <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">install</span></code>. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">install_sw</span></code> target does not override
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">openssl.cnf</span></code>.</p>
<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>curl<span class="w"> </span>-O<span class="w"> </span>https://www.openssl.org/source/openssl-VERSION.tar.gz
<span class="gp">$ </span>tar<span class="w"> </span>xzf<span class="w"> </span>openssl-VERSION
<span class="gp">$ </span><span class="nb">pushd</span><span class="w"> </span>openssl-VERSION
<span class="gp">$ </span>./config<span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="w">    </span>--prefix<span class="o">=</span>/usr/local/custom-openssl<span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="w">    </span>--libdir<span class="o">=</span>lib<span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="w">    </span>--openssldir<span class="o">=</span>/etc/ssl
<span class="gp">$ </span>make<span class="w"> </span>-j1<span class="w"> </span>depend
<span class="gp">$ </span>make<span class="w"> </span>-j8
<span class="gp">$ </span>make<span class="w"> </span>install_sw
<span class="gp">$ </span><span class="nb">popd</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Build Python with custom OpenSSL
(see the configure <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--with-openssl</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--with-openssl-rpath</span></code> options)</p>
<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span><span class="nb">pushd</span><span class="w"> </span>python-3.x.x
<span class="gp">$ </span>./configure<span class="w"> </span>-C<span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="w">    </span>--with-openssl<span class="o">=</span>/usr/local/custom-openssl<span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="w">    </span>--with-openssl-rpath<span class="o">=</span>auto<span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="w">    </span>--prefix<span class="o">=</span>/usr/local/python-3.x.x
<span class="gp">$ </span>make<span class="w"> </span>-j8
<span class="gp">$ </span>make<span class="w"> </span>altinstall
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>Patch releases of OpenSSL have a backwards compatible ABI. You don’t need
to recompile Python to update OpenSSL. It’s sufficient to replace the
custom OpenSSL installation with a newer version.</p>
</div>
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