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- """Internationalization and localization support.
- This module provides internationalization (I18N) and localization (L10N)
- support for your Python programs by providing an interface to the GNU gettext
- message catalog library.
- I18N refers to the operation by which a program is made aware of multiple
- languages. L10N refers to the adaptation of your program, once
- internationalized, to the local language and cultural habits.
- """
- # This module represents the integration of work, contributions, feedback, and
- # suggestions from the following people:
- #
- # Martin von Loewis, who wrote the initial implementation of the underlying
- # C-based libintlmodule (later renamed _gettext), along with a skeletal
- # gettext.py implementation.
- #
- # Peter Funk, who wrote fintl.py, a fairly complete wrapper around intlmodule,
- # which also included a pure-Python implementation to read .mo files if
- # intlmodule wasn't available.
- #
- # James Henstridge, who also wrote a gettext.py module, which has some
- # interesting, but currently unsupported experimental features: the notion of
- # a Catalog class and instances, and the ability to add to a catalog file via
- # a Python API.
- #
- # Barry Warsaw integrated these modules, wrote the .install() API and code,
- # and conformed all C and Python code to Python's coding standards.
- #
- # Francois Pinard and Marc-Andre Lemburg also contributed valuably to this
- # module.
- #
- # J. David Ibanez implemented plural forms. Bruno Haible fixed some bugs.
- #
- # TODO:
- # - Lazy loading of .mo files. Currently the entire catalog is loaded into
- # memory, but that's probably bad for large translated programs. Instead,
- # the lexical sort of original strings in GNU .mo files should be exploited
- # to do binary searches and lazy initializations. Or you might want to use
- # the undocumented double-hash algorithm for .mo files with hash tables, but
- # you'll need to study the GNU gettext code to do this.
- #
- # - Support Solaris .mo file formats. Unfortunately, we've been unable to
- # find this format documented anywhere.
- import os
- import re
- import sys
- __all__ = ['NullTranslations', 'GNUTranslations', 'Catalog',
- 'find', 'translation', 'install', 'textdomain', 'bindtextdomain',
- 'bind_textdomain_codeset',
- 'dgettext', 'dngettext', 'gettext', 'lgettext', 'ldgettext',
- 'ldngettext', 'lngettext', 'ngettext',
- 'pgettext', 'dpgettext', 'npgettext', 'dnpgettext',
- ]
- _default_localedir = os.path.join(sys.base_prefix, 'share', 'locale')
- # Expression parsing for plural form selection.
- #
- # The gettext library supports a small subset of C syntax. The only
- # incompatible difference is that integer literals starting with zero are
- # decimal.
- #
- # https://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/gettext.html#Plural-forms
- # http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/gettext.git/tree/gettext-runtime/intl/plural.y
- _token_pattern = re.compile(r"""
- (?P<WHITESPACES>[ \t]+) | # spaces and horizontal tabs
- (?P<NUMBER>[0-9]+\b) | # decimal integer
- (?P<NAME>n\b) | # only n is allowed
- (?P<PARENTHESIS>[()]) |
- (?P<OPERATOR>[-*/%+?:]|[><!]=?|==|&&|\|\|) | # !, *, /, %, +, -, <, >,
- # <=, >=, ==, !=, &&, ||,
- # ? :
- # unary and bitwise ops
- # not allowed
- (?P<INVALID>\w+|.) # invalid token
- """, re.VERBOSE|re.DOTALL)
- def _tokenize(plural):
- for mo in re.finditer(_token_pattern, plural):
- kind = mo.lastgroup
- if kind == 'WHITESPACES':
- continue
- value = mo.group(kind)
- if kind == 'INVALID':
- raise ValueError('invalid token in plural form: %s' % value)
- yield value
- yield ''
- def _error(value):
- if value:
- return ValueError('unexpected token in plural form: %s' % value)
- else:
- return ValueError('unexpected end of plural form')
- _binary_ops = (
- ('||',),
- ('&&',),
- ('==', '!='),
- ('<', '>', '<=', '>='),
- ('+', '-'),
- ('*', '/', '%'),
- )
- _binary_ops = {op: i for i, ops in enumerate(_binary_ops, 1) for op in ops}
- _c2py_ops = {'||': 'or', '&&': 'and', '/': '//'}
- def _parse(tokens, priority=-1):
- result = ''
- nexttok = next(tokens)
- while nexttok == '!':
- result += 'not '
- nexttok = next(tokens)
- if nexttok == '(':
- sub, nexttok = _parse(tokens)
- result = '%s(%s)' % (result, sub)
- if nexttok != ')':
- raise ValueError('unbalanced parenthesis in plural form')
- elif nexttok == 'n':
- result = '%s%s' % (result, nexttok)
- else:
- try:
- value = int(nexttok, 10)
- except ValueError:
- raise _error(nexttok) from None
- result = '%s%d' % (result, value)
- nexttok = next(tokens)
- j = 100
- while nexttok in _binary_ops:
- i = _binary_ops[nexttok]
- if i < priority:
- break
- # Break chained comparisons
- if i in (3, 4) and j in (3, 4): # '==', '!=', '<', '>', '<=', '>='
- result = '(%s)' % result
- # Replace some C operators by their Python equivalents
- op = _c2py_ops.get(nexttok, nexttok)
- right, nexttok = _parse(tokens, i + 1)
- result = '%s %s %s' % (result, op, right)
- j = i
- if j == priority == 4: # '<', '>', '<=', '>='
- result = '(%s)' % result
- if nexttok == '?' and priority <= 0:
- if_true, nexttok = _parse(tokens, 0)
- if nexttok != ':':
- raise _error(nexttok)
- if_false, nexttok = _parse(tokens)
- result = '%s if %s else %s' % (if_true, result, if_false)
- if priority == 0:
- result = '(%s)' % result
- return result, nexttok
- def _as_int(n):
- try:
- i = round(n)
- except TypeError:
- raise TypeError('Plural value must be an integer, got %s' %
- (n.__class__.__name__,)) from None
- import warnings
- warnings.warn('Plural value must be an integer, got %s' %
- (n.__class__.__name__,),
- DeprecationWarning, 4)
- return n
- def c2py(plural):
- """Gets a C expression as used in PO files for plural forms and returns a
- Python function that implements an equivalent expression.
- """
- if len(plural) > 1000:
- raise ValueError('plural form expression is too long')
- try:
- result, nexttok = _parse(_tokenize(plural))
- if nexttok:
- raise _error(nexttok)
- depth = 0
- for c in result:
- if c == '(':
- depth += 1
- if depth > 20:
- # Python compiler limit is about 90.
- # The most complex example has 2.
- raise ValueError('plural form expression is too complex')
- elif c == ')':
- depth -= 1
- ns = {'_as_int': _as_int}
- exec('''if True:
- def func(n):
- if not isinstance(n, int):
- n = _as_int(n)
- return int(%s)
- ''' % result, ns)
- return ns['func']
- except RecursionError:
- # Recursion error can be raised in _parse() or exec().
- raise ValueError('plural form expression is too complex')
- def _expand_lang(loc):
- import locale
- loc = locale.normalize(loc)
- COMPONENT_CODESET = 1 << 0
- COMPONENT_TERRITORY = 1 << 1
- COMPONENT_MODIFIER = 1 << 2
- # split up the locale into its base components
- mask = 0
- pos = loc.find('@')
- if pos >= 0:
- modifier = loc[pos:]
- loc = loc[:pos]
- mask |= COMPONENT_MODIFIER
- else:
- modifier = ''
- pos = loc.find('.')
- if pos >= 0:
- codeset = loc[pos:]
- loc = loc[:pos]
- mask |= COMPONENT_CODESET
- else:
- codeset = ''
- pos = loc.find('_')
- if pos >= 0:
- territory = loc[pos:]
- loc = loc[:pos]
- mask |= COMPONENT_TERRITORY
- else:
- territory = ''
- language = loc
- ret = []
- for i in range(mask+1):
- if not (i & ~mask): # if all components for this combo exist ...
- val = language
- if i & COMPONENT_TERRITORY: val += territory
- if i & COMPONENT_CODESET: val += codeset
- if i & COMPONENT_MODIFIER: val += modifier
- ret.append(val)
- ret.reverse()
- return ret
- class NullTranslations:
- def __init__(self, fp=None):
- self._info = {}
- self._charset = None
- self._output_charset = None
- self._fallback = None
- if fp is not None:
- self._parse(fp)
- def _parse(self, fp):
- pass
- def add_fallback(self, fallback):
- if self._fallback:
- self._fallback.add_fallback(fallback)
- else:
- self._fallback = fallback
- def gettext(self, message):
- if self._fallback:
- return self._fallback.gettext(message)
- return message
- def lgettext(self, message):
- import warnings
- warnings.warn('lgettext() is deprecated, use gettext() instead',
- DeprecationWarning, 2)
- import locale
- if self._fallback:
- with warnings.catch_warnings():
- warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', r'.*\blgettext\b.*',
- DeprecationWarning)
- return self._fallback.lgettext(message)
- if self._output_charset:
- return message.encode(self._output_charset)
- return message.encode(locale.getpreferredencoding())
- def ngettext(self, msgid1, msgid2, n):
- if self._fallback:
- return self._fallback.ngettext(msgid1, msgid2, n)
- if n == 1:
- return msgid1
- else:
- return msgid2
- def lngettext(self, msgid1, msgid2, n):
- import warnings
- warnings.warn('lngettext() is deprecated, use ngettext() instead',
- DeprecationWarning, 2)
- import locale
- if self._fallback:
- with warnings.catch_warnings():
- warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', r'.*\blngettext\b.*',
- DeprecationWarning)
- return self._fallback.lngettext(msgid1, msgid2, n)
- if n == 1:
- tmsg = msgid1
- else:
- tmsg = msgid2
- if self._output_charset:
- return tmsg.encode(self._output_charset)
- return tmsg.encode(locale.getpreferredencoding())
- def pgettext(self, context, message):
- if self._fallback:
- return self._fallback.pgettext(context, message)
- return message
- def npgettext(self, context, msgid1, msgid2, n):
- if self._fallback:
- return self._fallback.npgettext(context, msgid1, msgid2, n)
- if n == 1:
- return msgid1
- else:
- return msgid2
- def info(self):
- return self._info
- def charset(self):
- return self._charset
- def output_charset(self):
- import warnings
- warnings.warn('output_charset() is deprecated',
- DeprecationWarning, 2)
- return self._output_charset
- def set_output_charset(self, charset):
- import warnings
- warnings.warn('set_output_charset() is deprecated',
- DeprecationWarning, 2)
- self._output_charset = charset
- def install(self, names=None):
- import builtins
- builtins.__dict__['_'] = self.gettext
- if names is not None:
- allowed = {'gettext', 'lgettext', 'lngettext',
- 'ngettext', 'npgettext', 'pgettext'}
- for name in allowed & set(names):
- builtins.__dict__[name] = getattr(self, name)
- class GNUTranslations(NullTranslations):
- # Magic number of .mo files
- LE_MAGIC = 0x950412de
- BE_MAGIC = 0xde120495
- # The encoding of a msgctxt and a msgid in a .mo file is
- # msgctxt + "\x04" + msgid (gettext version >= 0.15)
- CONTEXT = "%s\x04%s"
- # Acceptable .mo versions
- VERSIONS = (0, 1)
- def _get_versions(self, version):
- """Returns a tuple of major version, minor version"""
- return (version >> 16, version & 0xffff)
- def _parse(self, fp):
- """Override this method to support alternative .mo formats."""
- # Delay struct import for speeding up gettext import when .mo files
- # are not used.
- from struct import unpack
- filename = getattr(fp, 'name', '')
- # Parse the .mo file header, which consists of 5 little endian 32
- # bit words.
- self._catalog = catalog = {}
- self.plural = lambda n: int(n != 1) # germanic plural by default
- buf = fp.read()
- buflen = len(buf)
- # Are we big endian or little endian?
- magic = unpack('<I', buf[:4])[0]
- if magic == self.LE_MAGIC:
- version, msgcount, masteridx, transidx = unpack('<4I', buf[4:20])
- ii = '<II'
- elif magic == self.BE_MAGIC:
- version, msgcount, masteridx, transidx = unpack('>4I', buf[4:20])
- ii = '>II'
- else:
- raise OSError(0, 'Bad magic number', filename)
- major_version, minor_version = self._get_versions(version)
- if major_version not in self.VERSIONS:
- raise OSError(0, 'Bad version number ' + str(major_version), filename)
- # Now put all messages from the .mo file buffer into the catalog
- # dictionary.
- for i in range(0, msgcount):
- mlen, moff = unpack(ii, buf[masteridx:masteridx+8])
- mend = moff + mlen
- tlen, toff = unpack(ii, buf[transidx:transidx+8])
- tend = toff + tlen
- if mend < buflen and tend < buflen:
- msg = buf[moff:mend]
- tmsg = buf[toff:tend]
- else:
- raise OSError(0, 'File is corrupt', filename)
- # See if we're looking at GNU .mo conventions for metadata
- if mlen == 0:
- # Catalog description
- lastk = None
- for b_item in tmsg.split(b'\n'):
- item = b_item.decode().strip()
- if not item:
- continue
- # Skip over comment lines:
- if item.startswith('#-#-#-#-#') and item.endswith('#-#-#-#-#'):
- continue
- k = v = None
- if ':' in item:
- k, v = item.split(':', 1)
- k = k.strip().lower()
- v = v.strip()
- self._info[k] = v
- lastk = k
- elif lastk:
- self._info[lastk] += '\n' + item
- if k == 'content-type':
- self._charset = v.split('charset=')[1]
- elif k == 'plural-forms':
- v = v.split(';')
- plural = v[1].split('plural=')[1]
- self.plural = c2py(plural)
- # Note: we unconditionally convert both msgids and msgstrs to
- # Unicode using the character encoding specified in the charset
- # parameter of the Content-Type header. The gettext documentation
- # strongly encourages msgids to be us-ascii, but some applications
- # require alternative encodings (e.g. Zope's ZCML and ZPT). For
- # traditional gettext applications, the msgid conversion will
- # cause no problems since us-ascii should always be a subset of
- # the charset encoding. We may want to fall back to 8-bit msgids
- # if the Unicode conversion fails.
- charset = self._charset or 'ascii'
- if b'\x00' in msg:
- # Plural forms
- msgid1, msgid2 = msg.split(b'\x00')
- tmsg = tmsg.split(b'\x00')
- msgid1 = str(msgid1, charset)
- for i, x in enumerate(tmsg):
- catalog[(msgid1, i)] = str(x, charset)
- else:
- catalog[str(msg, charset)] = str(tmsg, charset)
- # advance to next entry in the seek tables
- masteridx += 8
- transidx += 8
- def lgettext(self, message):
- import warnings
- warnings.warn('lgettext() is deprecated, use gettext() instead',
- DeprecationWarning, 2)
- import locale
- missing = object()
- tmsg = self._catalog.get(message, missing)
- if tmsg is missing:
- if self._fallback:
- return self._fallback.lgettext(message)
- tmsg = message
- if self._output_charset:
- return tmsg.encode(self._output_charset)
- return tmsg.encode(locale.getpreferredencoding())
- def lngettext(self, msgid1, msgid2, n):
- import warnings
- warnings.warn('lngettext() is deprecated, use ngettext() instead',
- DeprecationWarning, 2)
- import locale
- try:
- tmsg = self._catalog[(msgid1, self.plural(n))]
- except KeyError:
- if self._fallback:
- return self._fallback.lngettext(msgid1, msgid2, n)
- if n == 1:
- tmsg = msgid1
- else:
- tmsg = msgid2
- if self._output_charset:
- return tmsg.encode(self._output_charset)
- return tmsg.encode(locale.getpreferredencoding())
- def gettext(self, message):
- missing = object()
- tmsg = self._catalog.get(message, missing)
- if tmsg is missing:
- if self._fallback:
- return self._fallback.gettext(message)
- return message
- return tmsg
- def ngettext(self, msgid1, msgid2, n):
- try:
- tmsg = self._catalog[(msgid1, self.plural(n))]
- except KeyError:
- if self._fallback:
- return self._fallback.ngettext(msgid1, msgid2, n)
- if n == 1:
- tmsg = msgid1
- else:
- tmsg = msgid2
- return tmsg
- def pgettext(self, context, message):
- ctxt_msg_id = self.CONTEXT % (context, message)
- missing = object()
- tmsg = self._catalog.get(ctxt_msg_id, missing)
- if tmsg is missing:
- if self._fallback:
- return self._fallback.pgettext(context, message)
- return message
- return tmsg
- def npgettext(self, context, msgid1, msgid2, n):
- ctxt_msg_id = self.CONTEXT % (context, msgid1)
- try:
- tmsg = self._catalog[ctxt_msg_id, self.plural(n)]
- except KeyError:
- if self._fallback:
- return self._fallback.npgettext(context, msgid1, msgid2, n)
- if n == 1:
- tmsg = msgid1
- else:
- tmsg = msgid2
- return tmsg
- # Locate a .mo file using the gettext strategy
- def find(domain, localedir=None, languages=None, all=False):
- # Get some reasonable defaults for arguments that were not supplied
- if localedir is None:
- localedir = _default_localedir
- if languages is None:
- languages = []
- for envar in ('LANGUAGE', 'LC_ALL', 'LC_MESSAGES', 'LANG'):
- val = os.environ.get(envar)
- if val:
- languages = val.split(':')
- break
- if 'C' not in languages:
- languages.append('C')
- # now normalize and expand the languages
- nelangs = []
- for lang in languages:
- for nelang in _expand_lang(lang):
- if nelang not in nelangs:
- nelangs.append(nelang)
- # select a language
- if all:
- result = []
- else:
- result = None
- for lang in nelangs:
- if lang == 'C':
- break
- mofile = os.path.join(localedir, lang, 'LC_MESSAGES', '%s.mo' % domain)
- if os.path.exists(mofile):
- if all:
- result.append(mofile)
- else:
- return mofile
- return result
- # a mapping between absolute .mo file path and Translation object
- _translations = {}
- _unspecified = ['unspecified']
- def translation(domain, localedir=None, languages=None,
- class_=None, fallback=False, codeset=_unspecified):
- if class_ is None:
- class_ = GNUTranslations
- mofiles = find(domain, localedir, languages, all=True)
- if not mofiles:
- if fallback:
- return NullTranslations()
- from errno import ENOENT
- raise FileNotFoundError(ENOENT,
- 'No translation file found for domain', domain)
- # Avoid opening, reading, and parsing the .mo file after it's been done
- # once.
- result = None
- for mofile in mofiles:
- key = (class_, os.path.abspath(mofile))
- t = _translations.get(key)
- if t is None:
- with open(mofile, 'rb') as fp:
- t = _translations.setdefault(key, class_(fp))
- # Copy the translation object to allow setting fallbacks and
- # output charset. All other instance data is shared with the
- # cached object.
- # Delay copy import for speeding up gettext import when .mo files
- # are not used.
- import copy
- t = copy.copy(t)
- if codeset is not _unspecified:
- import warnings
- warnings.warn('parameter codeset is deprecated',
- DeprecationWarning, 2)
- if codeset:
- with warnings.catch_warnings():
- warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', r'.*\bset_output_charset\b.*',
- DeprecationWarning)
- t.set_output_charset(codeset)
- if result is None:
- result = t
- else:
- result.add_fallback(t)
- return result
- def install(domain, localedir=None, codeset=_unspecified, names=None):
- t = translation(domain, localedir, fallback=True, codeset=codeset)
- t.install(names)
- # a mapping b/w domains and locale directories
- _localedirs = {}
- # a mapping b/w domains and codesets
- _localecodesets = {}
- # current global domain, `messages' used for compatibility w/ GNU gettext
- _current_domain = 'messages'
- def textdomain(domain=None):
- global _current_domain
- if domain is not None:
- _current_domain = domain
- return _current_domain
- def bindtextdomain(domain, localedir=None):
- global _localedirs
- if localedir is not None:
- _localedirs[domain] = localedir
- return _localedirs.get(domain, _default_localedir)
- def bind_textdomain_codeset(domain, codeset=None):
- import warnings
- warnings.warn('bind_textdomain_codeset() is deprecated',
- DeprecationWarning, 2)
- global _localecodesets
- if codeset is not None:
- _localecodesets[domain] = codeset
- return _localecodesets.get(domain)
- def dgettext(domain, message):
- try:
- t = translation(domain, _localedirs.get(domain, None))
- except OSError:
- return message
- return t.gettext(message)
- def ldgettext(domain, message):
- import warnings
- warnings.warn('ldgettext() is deprecated, use dgettext() instead',
- DeprecationWarning, 2)
- import locale
- codeset = _localecodesets.get(domain)
- try:
- with warnings.catch_warnings():
- warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', r'.*\bparameter codeset\b.*',
- DeprecationWarning)
- t = translation(domain, _localedirs.get(domain, None), codeset=codeset)
- except OSError:
- return message.encode(codeset or locale.getpreferredencoding())
- with warnings.catch_warnings():
- warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', r'.*\blgettext\b.*',
- DeprecationWarning)
- return t.lgettext(message)
- def dngettext(domain, msgid1, msgid2, n):
- try:
- t = translation(domain, _localedirs.get(domain, None))
- except OSError:
- if n == 1:
- return msgid1
- else:
- return msgid2
- return t.ngettext(msgid1, msgid2, n)
- def ldngettext(domain, msgid1, msgid2, n):
- import warnings
- warnings.warn('ldngettext() is deprecated, use dngettext() instead',
- DeprecationWarning, 2)
- import locale
- codeset = _localecodesets.get(domain)
- try:
- with warnings.catch_warnings():
- warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', r'.*\bparameter codeset\b.*',
- DeprecationWarning)
- t = translation(domain, _localedirs.get(domain, None), codeset=codeset)
- except OSError:
- if n == 1:
- tmsg = msgid1
- else:
- tmsg = msgid2
- return tmsg.encode(codeset or locale.getpreferredencoding())
- with warnings.catch_warnings():
- warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', r'.*\blngettext\b.*',
- DeprecationWarning)
- return t.lngettext(msgid1, msgid2, n)
- def dpgettext(domain, context, message):
- try:
- t = translation(domain, _localedirs.get(domain, None))
- except OSError:
- return message
- return t.pgettext(context, message)
- def dnpgettext(domain, context, msgid1, msgid2, n):
- try:
- t = translation(domain, _localedirs.get(domain, None))
- except OSError:
- if n == 1:
- return msgid1
- else:
- return msgid2
- return t.npgettext(context, msgid1, msgid2, n)
- def gettext(message):
- return dgettext(_current_domain, message)
- def lgettext(message):
- import warnings
- warnings.warn('lgettext() is deprecated, use gettext() instead',
- DeprecationWarning, 2)
- with warnings.catch_warnings():
- warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', r'.*\bldgettext\b.*',
- DeprecationWarning)
- return ldgettext(_current_domain, message)
- def ngettext(msgid1, msgid2, n):
- return dngettext(_current_domain, msgid1, msgid2, n)
- def lngettext(msgid1, msgid2, n):
- import warnings
- warnings.warn('lngettext() is deprecated, use ngettext() instead',
- DeprecationWarning, 2)
- with warnings.catch_warnings():
- warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', r'.*\bldngettext\b.*',
- DeprecationWarning)
- return ldngettext(_current_domain, msgid1, msgid2, n)
- def pgettext(context, message):
- return dpgettext(_current_domain, context, message)
- def npgettext(context, msgid1, msgid2, n):
- return dnpgettext(_current_domain, context, msgid1, msgid2, n)
- # dcgettext() has been deemed unnecessary and is not implemented.
- # James Henstridge's Catalog constructor from GNOME gettext. Documented usage
- # was:
- #
- # import gettext
- # cat = gettext.Catalog(PACKAGE, localedir=LOCALEDIR)
- # _ = cat.gettext
- # print _('Hello World')
- # The resulting catalog object currently don't support access through a
- # dictionary API, which was supported (but apparently unused) in GNOME
- # gettext.
- Catalog = translation
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